关于元代罪囚管理中的几个问题——以国图藏《魏书》纸背文献为中心

A Few Issues Addressing Prisoner Management in Yuan Dynasty——Focusing on the Paperback Literature of Wei Shu in China National Library

国家图书馆藏公文纸本《魏书》纸背文献,是新近发现的元代最大宗汉文新史料。该批文献中所收录的几十件元代罪囚文书,是关于元代罪囚管理的珍贵第一手资料。根据这些文书并结合传世文献,可以认识元代罪囚管理中此前未曾关注的若干问题,如关于罪囚的"起数"、罪囚的监禁方式以及罪囚的收押方式、收押机构等等。其中,罪囚的"起数",不仅包含"总起数"及每"一起"罪囚的信息,还包括"起内"及"不成起"等罪囚信息。元代罪囚的监禁方式,包括"枷收""锁收""散收"等三种,而这三种方式均监禁"重囚"与"轻囚"。在同一起的罪囚"起数"中,这些监禁方式的使用,又是按照罪犯的"主""从"等情况来决定的。同时,在实际管理中,对上述监禁方式的使用,虽有基本原则,但又有灵活性。通过《魏书》纸背文献,可进一步认识元代所谓的"枷锁、散禁之例"的具体内容,以及该"例"在现实中的运作情况。元代罪囚的收押方式,有"正收"与"寄收"等多种,其中的"正收"为"正常收押"或"正式收押"之意,而"寄收"则是指本机构的罪囚"寄"于他处收押的情况。罪囚的收押机构不局限于"监狱",捕盗司、路总管府等机构均可以收押罪囚,而坊正等基层差役也有此责。除监狱之外,其他机构所收押的罪囚主要是"轻囚",且他们多属于"寄收"的情形。

The paperback document"Wei Shu"in the official document of the National Library is the largest new historical material in Chinese from the Yuan Dynasty.The dozens of Yuan Dynasty prisoners’documents included in this batch of documents are precious primary materials about the management of Yuan Dynasty prisoners.According to these documents,combined with the historical literature,we can understand a number of problems that have not been addressed in the management of prisoners in Yuan Dynasty,such as the number of prisoners,way prisoners are imprisoned and the way prisoners are detained,the institutions of detention and so on.In the Yuan Dynasty,prisoners were imprisoned in three ways,depending on the degree of their crimes.Through these documents,we can further understand detailed information of diversified restrictions in prisons,and apart from prisons,other departments that can imprison criminals of minor offenses.