蒙元时期农业发展及农业相关制度探析

An Analysis of Agricultural Development and Agricultural-related Systems in Mongolian Era and the Yuan Dynasty

蒙元时期的农业发展及农业制度是重要而且复杂的议题。学界关于该问题的研究多集中在具体问题描述上。大蒙古国初期,统治区域主要集中在蒙古高原,适宜农业生产的区域较少,农业发展不占主要地位,农业制度几乎无从谈起。窝阔台汗时期,随着战争向南推进,适宜农业发展的区域扩大,即便依然以游牧业为主,但在适宜地区逐渐发展农业,并制定了丙申税制。蒙哥汗时期,统治区域扩展到中原地区,统治者及时地调整统治政策,逐渐形成民田和官田两种土地所有制形式。为了配合战争的需要,统治者扩大官田中屯田范围,并发展农业,增加收取赋税的区域。忽必烈时期,建立起更为广大的以中原为政治中心的统治范围,农耕区域扩大,统治者按照不同农耕区域的特征,扩大民田,发展农业,制定劝农制度,整顿村社制度等不尽相同的农业制度,维护大一统政权。随着战争的推进,更是极大地扩展屯田范围,农业呈现快速恢复状态;元朝中后期,战争结束,屯田不再是主要土地制度,农业相关制度也没有更大改变和发展。可以看出,随着战争发展,在疆域由北向南扩展基础上,蒙元时期农业发展和农业制度呈现出继承性、阶段性、地域性等复杂特性,这种复杂性恰恰说明其因俗而治、因地制宜的统治特点。

The development of agriculture and related agricultural systems in Mongolian Era and Yuan Dynasty is an important theme yet being hardly clarified.Academic research on this issue focuses on the description of specific problems.In the early days of the Mongolian Era,its territory was on the Mongolian plateau,with limited region for agricultural production,and no agricultural system involved.During the period of gedei Khan,as Mongolia gained more territory through winning war,its territory expanded to include more agricultural farmland in the south and the system of taxation was formulated accordingly.During Mongke Khan Era,the ruling areas extended to the central plains,and the rulers adjusted their ruling policies in a timely manner,and gradually formed two forms of land ownership:civilian and official lands.In order to meet the demand of the war,the rulers expanded the scope of official farmland,developed agriculture,and expanded the scope of areas where taxes were collected.During the Kublai Khan period,a broader scope of rule with the central plains as the political center was established.In order to maintain its unified regime,as agricultural areas expanded,the rulers started to expand the civilian fields,developed agriculture,established agriculture-encouragement system and rectified the system of village cooperatives.As the war continued on,the scope of Tuntian farmland was greatly expanded,and agriculture showed rapid recovery.In the middle and late Yuan Dynasty,when the war finally ended,Tutian farmland was no longer the main land system,and there was no significant change and development in agricultural related systems ever since then.With the development of the war and territory expanded from north to the south,the agricultural development and the farming system of Mongolia Era and the Yuan Dynasty period are featured with hierarchical,regional and successive characteristics,which reflected the ruling party’s effective control by local custom and by local conditions.