17世纪30年代有关俄蒙关系的一份珍贵蒙古文文书

A Valuable Mongolian Literature on Russia-Mongolia Relations in the 1630s

俄蒙关系是随着俄国的东扩而不断发展起来的。自17世纪初开始,位居喀尔喀西北部的"阿勒坦汗"最早与俄国互遣使臣,开启双方往来之序幕。双方的关系时断时续,俄国方面有大批军役人员和哥萨克充当使臣,在俄蒙之间往来穿梭,传情达意;蒙古汗王也多次遣使,求和通好。1635年,阿勒坦汗遣使莫斯科,给沙皇带去三封信函,均用畏吾体蒙古文书写。本文选择其中字数最多、价值最高的第二份文书进行研究。该文书现藏于莫斯科中央国家古代档案馆,全文45行,含格助词共529个字,内容涉及阿勒坦汗宣誓、军事互助、互遣使节、感谢赏赐等内容,是研究17世纪俄蒙关系以及喀尔喀蒙古社会、历史、文化的一份珍贵文书。书写方面,既保留了17世纪畏吾体蒙古文的基本特点,又呈现出畏吾体文向托忒蒙古文过渡时期的一些特点。文书原文先被译成俄文,又从俄文译成汉文。因限于翻译条件,最初的俄文翻译,存在一些讹误。由俄文译成汉文后,讹误更加突出。有些论著中多次引用这种错误的译文,导致研究成果的真实性和可靠性大打折扣。本文对这封文书的原文进行考释,阐述其写作背景、书写特点等,并与原文进行对勘,更正了汉译、俄译的诸多讹误,为研究者提供准确的史料依据。

The Russia-Mongolia relationship has been developed with Russia’s eastward expansion.Since the beginning of the 17 th century,it was the Altan Khan in the northwest of Kalka who started to send envoy to Russia.Relations between the two sides were intermittent and the Russian side had a large army service people and Cossack people serving as envoys,travelling between Russia and Mongolia;and the Mongolian Khans also sent envoys many times to Russia.In 1635,Altan Khan sent envoy to Moscow to deliver three letters to the Tsar,all of which were written in Weiwu styled Mongolian.This article studied on one of the letters with second most word count.The original letter is now preserved in Moscow Central National Ancient Archives,and the full text is of 45 lines,including 529 words of aiding words,involving Altam Khan oath,military mutual assistance,mutual envoys,gratitude and reward,etc..It is a valuable document to study the relations between Russia and Mongolia in the 17 th century and the society,history and culture of Karka Mongolian society.From the aspect of writing,it not only maintains the basic characteristics of the 17 th century Weiwu Mongolian,but also presents features of the transitional period from Weiwu Mongolian to Tote Mongolian.The original text was first translated into Russian and then into Chinese from the Russian version.There were some errors in Russian,thus when translating from Russian to Chinese,there were even more errors.Many of these misquoted translations have led to problem on the authenticity and reliability of the research.This paper examines and interprets the original Mongolian text of this document,interpreting its writing background and writing style,mainly focusing on studying the original text while correcting many errors in Chinese translation and Russian translation.