《钦定西域同文志》若干问题考述

A Textual Research Addressing Some Issues of Xiyu Tongwenzhi

《钦定西域同文志》是清朝官方所修的第一部清代新疆、青海、西藏的地名录和山水名录,第一部卫拉特、回部和西藏贵族家谱,也是第一部该地区地名、山水名和人名的满、汉、蒙、藏、托忒、察合台六种文字对照的大型辞书。该书保留了清朝中亚和青藏高原的几千个地名、山水名以及人名的原文、原音写音,以及地名、山水名的含义,这是发明现代科学音响技术前能做的最好的语言田野调查资料记录,它为学术界提供了18世纪中国大西域最大的民族语言地名人名词料库。本文认为,《钦定西域同文志》的编纂是清朝政治上实现"一统无外"的结果,也是推行"同文之治"的产物。笔者对《钦定西域同文志》编纂原则、方法和过程做逐一研究后,对它的版本和成书年代提出了该书先后经历过五种文字稿本(乾隆二十九年前)→六种文字稿本(英藏抄本,乾隆二十九年至三十年间)→武英殿刊本(乾隆三十年十一月)→四库荟要本(乾隆四十年十二月)→四库全书本(乾隆四十七年十二月)等版本的观点,并认为乾隆三十年的武英殿刊本是最主要的版本,这一版本的作者们也是该书的主要作者,他们就是四库荟要本所收《职名》上的臣工。四库全书系列的两个版本是对武英殿本的进一步整理和完善。作者的这些观点在文献学研究意义上将《钦定西域同文志》研究推进了一步。

Tongwenzhi is the first chronicles and landscape directory of Xinjiang,Qinghai and Tibet in Qing Dynasty,the first genealogy of Oyirad,Huibu and Tibetan aristocrats,and the first large-scale dictionary of geographical names,landscape names and names of people in six languages including Manchu,Han,Mongolia,Tibet,Tote and Chagatay.The book preserves thousands of geographical names,landscape names and original names,original sounds of people’s names,place names and landscape names of Central Asia and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions in the Qing Dynasty.This is the best language field survey record that can be done before the availability of modern science and technology.It provides the largest resource of place and people names in ethnic languages in the 18 th century.The compilation of the book is the result of political realization of"unity without exception"of the Qing Dynasty,and it is also the product of the implementation of"the rule of the same text".Based on the archival literature published in recent years and the recent global academic achievements,this article tries to explore on issues relating to the background,compilation principle,method and process,time of writing,editor and edition of the book.With a series of new perspectives,this article intents to promote the document study of this book.