马克思哲学革命中的认识论问题——以康德和黑格尔为背景

The Epistemological Problems in Marx’s Philosophical Revolution: Taking Kant and Hegel as Background

马克思对近代认识论的发展产生了深刻的革命性的影响,但马克思本人的著作中没有现成的认识论。为了发现和建构马克思的认识论问题,需要依托康德和黑格尔的理论遗产。康德用"综合"概念来说明人在认识过程中如何建立起主客关系的统一性形式,借助康德的这一"综合"概念,我们得以建构起马克思的新认识论问题,即"通过社会劳动实现的综合"。黑格尔则开启了对认识论问题的历史分析,并提出了主客同一性概念,借助黑格尔的这些理论遗产,我们得以理解马克思"劳动综合"的独特内涵,即在劳动中,认识的主体不是先验的意识主体,而是现实的人的具体活动,由此产生的认识是人在与自然的综合中发生的、人作为同一性主客体对自己历史性存在的自我创造和自我认知。

Marx has a profound influence on modern epistemology,but there is no well-articulated epistemology in Marx’s works.The theoretical heritage of Kant and Hegel is beneficial for discovering and reconstructing Marx’s epistemology.Kant used the concept of"synthesis"to illustrate how people establish a unified form of subject-object relationship in the process of cognition;with this we can reconstruct Marx’s"synthesis through social labor".Hegel meanwhile paved the way for a historical analysis of the epistemological problem and proposed the concept of identity of subject and object.Given Hegel’s heritage we can understand Marx’s"labor synthesis",that is,his notion that the epistemic subject in labor is not a transcendental subject of consciousness,but rather a concrete activity of the actual human being,and knowledge is achieved in the synthesis of human being and nature,wherein the human being as an identity of subject and object creates and cognizes his own historical existence.