马克思政治经济学批判中的认识论变革——兼论阿尔都塞对《资本论》的认识论建构

The Epistemological Revolution in Marx’s Critique of Political Economy, and Althusser’s Epistemological Constitution of Das Kapital

阿尔都塞对《资本论》的认识论建构呈现了马克思政治经济学批判的认识论变革的基本形式,事实上展现了《资本论》中的意义论维度,但由于他借助斯宾诺莎哲学理解马克思的文本,从而使得他最终未能成功把握这一变革的基本旨趣。马克思关于经济学研究的"两条道路"的分析,为我们提供了理解马克思政治经济学批判的认识论变革的切入点。这一认识论变革的实质是马克思以政治经济学批判的理论方式实现了对于历史性现实运动本身的把握,这体现为,马克思在政治经济学范畴与其历史性给出方式之间建立起内在联系,并以这种内在联系为根据,从给定的政治经济学范畴出发,通过对这些范畴之形式规定的现实运动前提进行不断追问,揭示上述历史性给出方式本身,并呈现对资产阶级社会的感性个体进行整体性塑形的"社会"形式的内在矛盾。

Louis Althusser’s epistemological constitution of Das Kapital represented the essential form of the epistemological revolution in Marx’s critique of political economy and revealed the dimensions of the problem of meaning in the work.But,as Althusser read Marx’s texts through Spinoza’s philosophy,he did not grasp Marx’s exact objective.Marx’s discussion of"the two methods"in the history of economics is a key to understanding the epistemological revolution in his critique of political economy.The essential characteristic of his epistemological revolution is that Marx grasped the movement of historical reality through the theoretical critique of political economy,by means of which he presented the immanent contradiction of the"social"form which completely shapes sensitive individuals in bourgeois society.