阿尔都塞的“难题性”概念及其哲学实践方案

Althusser’s Concept of “Problématique” and the Philosophical Practice Plan

阿尔都塞"断裂说"的研究存在两种解读模式,这两种解读模式既与意识形态向科学转变的问题相关,又与阿尔都塞对传统哲学实践的批判有关。阿尔都塞针对传统哲学实践的批判,发现了意识形态向科学的转变不仅是基于"问题式"的变化,它更是与哲学实践中的"难题性"相关。"难题性"是哲学家无意识行为状态的表现,它反映了哲学实践与哲学外部难题之间有着不可解决的矛盾。哲学实践者希望在哲学中改造难题,却在哲学实践中被难题驾驭。消除一切意识形态担保的哲学实践看似能解决这一难题,却将哲学实践推向激进化的争议中。阿尔都塞基于"难题性"概念对哲学实践的反思,给处于困境中的欧洲共产主义实践提供了重建无产阶级意识形态的哲学实践方案。

There are two interpretation modes in the study of Althusser’s"epistemological rupture".These two interpretation modes are not only related to the question of the transformation of ideology to science,but also related to Althusser’s criticism of traditional philosophical practice.Althusser’s critique of traditional philosophical practice found that,the transition from ideology to science was not only based on"problematic"changes,it was also related to the"problématique"in philosophical practice."Problématique"is a manifestation of the unconscious behavior of philosophers,which reflects the insoluble contradiction between philosophical practice and external problems of philosophy.Practitioners of philosophy hoped to transform problems in philosophy,but they are controlled by problems in philosophical practice.The philosophical practice that eliminates all ideological guarantees seems to be able to solve this problem,but it pushes the philosophical practice into a radicalized controversy.Althusser’s reflection on philosophical practice based on the concept of"problématique"provided a philosophical practice plan for rebuilding the ideology of the proletariat for the European communist practice in trouble.