试析黑格尔“贱民”和马克思“无产阶级”的逻辑关系

An Analysis of The Logical Relationship Between Hegel’s“Rabble”And Marx’s“Proletariat”

黑格尔的“贱民”概念与马克思的“无产阶级”概念之间是否具有内在的逻辑关系,是近几年国内外学术界争论的一个学术问题。国外激进的左翼思想家如齐泽克等认为黑格尔的“贱民”与马克思的“无产阶级”之间具有内在的逻辑联系,但国内的一些学者则持相反意见。在黑格尔哲学中,“贱民”不仅表现为经济的贫困,更表现为精神上的好逸恶劳和轻佻放浪,所以是应该极力消除的现象。为此,黑格尔提出了若干减少贫困的举措,但他的唯心主义思辨哲学决定了这些举措无法根除“贱民”产生的土壤,陷入理论的困境。马克思通过批判德国的现实和黑格尔哲学后认识到一个日益贫困、却又代表着先进生产力发展方向的新的社会阶级,马克思将其命名为“无产阶级”。马克思立足历史现实,赋予“无产阶级”崭新的内涵与历史使命。马克思的“无产阶级”概念并不是直接从黑格尔的“贱民”概念发展而来,但两者也并非是完全断裂的关系,“贱民”与“无产阶级”之间具有一定的内在逻辑联系。

Whether there is an internal logical relationship between Hegel’s concept of“rabble”and Marx’s concept of“proletariat”is an academic issue debated by the academic circles domestically and abroad in recent years.Foreign radical left-wing thinkers,such as Zizek,believe that there is an internal logical link between Hegel’s“rabble”and Marx’s“proletariat”,but some domestic scholars hold the opposite view.In Hegel’s philosophy,“rabble”is not only manifested in economic poverty but also in the spirit of pleasure,loathing and frivolity,so they should be eliminated.For this reason,Hegel put forward a number of measures to reduce poverty,but his idealistic speculative philosophy decided that these measures could not eradicate the soil of“rabble”,and fell into a theoretical dilemma.After criticizing the reality of Germany and Hegel’s philosophy,Marx recognized a new social class that is increasingly poor but represents the development direction of advanced productive forces.Marx named it the“proletariat”.Based on historical reality,Marx endowed the“proletariat”with new connotation and historical mission.Marx’s concept of“proletariat”is not directly developed from Hegel’s concept of“rabble”,but the relationship between the two is not completely broken,and the concept of“rabble”and the concept of“proletariat”have a certain internal logical connection.