从自然目的论到道德目的论——康德历史哲学奠基的疑难与演变

From Natural Teleology to Moral Teleology——the Difficulty and Evolution of the Foundation of Kant’s Philosophy of History

康德把历史哲学奠基在目的论学说而不是所谓的“历史理性批判”之上。但批判哲学的目的论思想经历了复杂的演变过程,从《纯粹理性批判》中缺乏先天根据的逻辑原理最终转变为《判断力批判》中拥有先天根据的先验原理,它的先天根据也从1788年《论目的论原则在哲学中的应用》中的纯粹实践理性转变为《判断力批判》中的反思判断力。历史哲学的奠基因此充满了疑难,经历了从自然目的论到道德目的论的转变,并导致康德历史哲学的诸多具体观点产生了重要的变化。

Kant based his philosophy of history on teleology rather than the so-called critique of historical reason.However,the teleological theory of critical philosophy has undergone a complex evolution,from a logical principle lacking a priori basis in Critique of Pure Reason to a transcendental principle with a priori basis in Critique of the Power of Judgment.Its a priori basis also changed from pure practical reason in On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy in 1788 to the reflective power of judgment in Critique of the Power of Judgment.Therefore,the foundation of historical philosophy is full of difficulties and has undergone a transformation from natural teleology to moral teleology,thus leading to important changes in many specific points of Kant’s philosophy of history.