清华简《殷高宗问于三寿》与先秦儒道的公平公正思想

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slip Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou and the thought of fairness and justice of pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism

《殷高宗问于三寿》中的"揆中水衡"应解释为治国当做到持守公平公正,就如水面一样平整,也暗含着要以"法"来"揆中"。儒、道两家均要求治国公平公正,但保障儒家公正观施行的主要手段是财富分配的均平以及公正地选拔人才,而《殷高宗问于三寿》则是以"法"来保障公平公正,并且儒家的公平公正观是一种德性伦理,而《殷高宗问于三寿》的"德"主要着眼于政治,而非道德主体问题。道家的公平公正观则是以效法道(天道)为前提的,这与《殷高宗问于三寿》类似。在道家中庄子与黄老学的公平公正观有所不同:庄子认为儒家的公正观是建立在仁义基础上的,而仁义是一种私意,与《殷高宗问于三寿》肯定仁义的立场有所不同;黄老学则肯定仁义并提出用"名""法"来保障公正理念的实施,这在《殷高宗问于三寿》中得到体现。可见,《殷高宗问于三寿》的思想立场更近于黄老学。

"Kuizhong Shuiheng"in The Tsinghua Bamboo Slip Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou should be interpreted as governing the country fairly and impartially,just as smooth as the water surface,and also implies that law should be used to maintain fairness and justice.Both Confucianism and Taoism claim the fairness and justice of the country.The main means of guaranteeing the implementation of Confucian justice is the equalization of wealth distribution and the fair selection of talents,but the Tsinghua Bamboo Slip Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou is to maintain the fairness and justice by law.Moreover,the Confucian view of fairness and justice is a virtue ethic,but the De in Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou mainly focuses on politics,not on moral subjects.The Taoist concept of fairness and justice is based on the premise of emphasizing the Tao(Tiandao),which is similar to Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou.In the Taoist school,Zhuangzi and Huang-Lao Taoism are different from the concept of fairness and justice:Zhuangzi believes that the Confucian view of justice is based on the basis of benevolence and righteousness,and benevolence and justice are a kind of private intention,but the position of Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou is to affirm the benevolence and righteousness.Huang-Lao Taoism affirms the benevolence and righteousness and proposes to use"Name"and"Law"to guarantee the implementation of the concept of fairness and justice,which is reflected in Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou.It can be seen that the ideological position of Yingaozong Wenyu Sanshou is closer to Huang-Lao Daoism.