西夏“尊孔子爲文宣帝”情勢發微——兼述西夏王權合法性的三個來源

An Investigation of the“Crowned Confucius as Emperor Wenxuan”in the Tangut Empire——Three Origins of the Legitimacy of the Tangut Empire Kingshi

作爲立國近二百年的封建王朝,西夏在中國歷史上一度與北宋/南宋、遼/金鼎足而三。然而這個有着自己的文字甚至已經形成獨特佛教文明①的王朝,由於在覆亡後文獻的湮滅,元廷甚至未能爲之單獨修史。②故而在黑水城文獻被掘出之前,後世長期只能靠《宋史》《金史》《遼史》等區區幾部史籍中的西夏傳/紀,③以及散見於宋元時的筆記、文集、政書、類書中的零星材料④來勾勒甚至猜測西夏時期的政治生活,以至於難窺堂奥。

During the reign of Xia Renzong,Confucianism gained great development in the Tangut Empire,one of the outstanding manifestations of which is“Crowned Confucius as Emperor Wenxuan”.However,“Crowned Confucius as the emperor”does not mean that the development of Confucianism in the Tangut Empire has surpassed the Song Dynasty,nor does it mean that the legitimacy of its kingship rests on the Confucian concept of Wangtong(王統)and Daotong(道統).On the contrary,the legitimacy of the Tangut kingship is based on the primitive worship,the Buddhist“Buddharāja”tradition and the bloodline transmission from the Weiming(嵬名)royal family,which is also the implication expressed by the reign title of“Tianshou lifa yanzuo(天授禮法延祚)”when Yuanhao established the Tangut Empire.