韩炳哲自我剥削理论的批判性审视

A Critical Review of Byung-chul Han’s Theory of Self-Exploitation

德国当代哲学家韩炳哲认为,数字资本主义时代基于劳动方式和驯化机制的变化,马克思剥削理论中“他者剥削”已转变为“自我剥削”。自我剥削的特点在于,在主体上体现为剥削者和被剥削者的合一、在方式上指向主体内部的自我优化、在结果上指向剩余价值的奉献。自我剥削的诞生具有深刻的现实语境探析,其中最重要的是新自由主义政权塑造的“功绩社会”与“透明社会”,前者推动了自我剥削的隐蔽发生,后者则加剧了自我剥削的普遍性程度。韩炳哲的这一理论为深入批判当代资本主义提供了新的视角,丰富和完善了马克思剥削理论,具有强烈的现实感。但与此同时,自我剥削理论也有无法摆脱的局限性,其理论赖以存在的“已成事实”实质上并未发生,同时混淆了剥削的具体形式与剥削的本质,自我剥削不过是在数字条件下劳动异化的新表现,并未摆脱马克思的剥削理论。

Contemporary German philosopher Byung-chul Han believes that based on changes in labor methods and domestication mechanisms,"exploitation of the other"in Marx's exploitation theory has been transformed into"self-exploitation"in the era of digital capitalism.Self-exploitation is characterized by the unity of the exploiter and the exploited in the subject,the self-optimization within the subject in the way and the contribution of surplus value in the result.The birth of self-exploitation has a profound analysis of the realistic context,among which the most important is the"meritorious society"and"transparent society"shaped by the neoliberal regime.The former promotes the hidden occurrence of self-exploitation and the latter intensifies the universality of self-exploitation.This theory of Byung-chul Han,which provides a new perspective for the in-depth criticism of contemporary capitalism as well as enriches and improves Marx's theory of exploitation,has a strong sense of reality.But at the same time,the theory of self-exploitation also has the limitations that can't get rid of.The established fact on which the theory is based has not happened in essence,and it confuses the specific form with the nature of exploitation.So self-exploitation is only a new manifestation of labor alienation under digital conditions.It does not get rid of Marx's theory of exploitation.