上海市市售3种鱼类中孔雀石绿和硝基呋喃化合物监测结果及膳食暴露评估

Result analysis and dietary risk assessment on the risk monitoring data of malachite green and nitrofurans in three kinds of fish in Shanghai

目的了解2008—2018年上海市市售大菱鲆、乌鳢和鳜鱼中孔雀石绿和硝基呋喃化合物残留(即"三鱼两药")动态变化趋势,评估膳食暴露风险。方法采用2008—2018年原上海市食品药品监督管理局"三鱼两药"风险监测数据,结合2013年上海市居民膳食消费量调查结果,采用暴露边界比(MOE)法进行膳食暴露评估。结果11年来上海市"三鱼两药"风险监测不合格率为19.0%(148/779),各年度不合格率呈现波动下降趋势。其中,2018年不合格率(3.6%,2/55)较2008年(33.7%,30/89)下降89.3%。按品种统计,11年间大菱鲆、乌鳢和鳜鱼中"两药"不合格率分别为42.6%(100/235)、8.6%(21/244)和9.0%(27/300),其中硝基呋喃化合物不合格率(17.8%,139/779)较孔雀石绿(1.2%,9/779)更为突出。上海市居民通过"三鱼"摄入孔雀石绿和硝基呋喃化合物的MOE分别为1.7×106和1.6×106,健康风险均较低(MOE>104)。结论上海市市售水产品中"三鱼两药"问题趋于好转,居民通过"三鱼"摄入"两药"的健康风险较低,但考虑到"两药"为禁用兽药,仍需相关部门保持高压监管态势。

Objective To evaluate the dynamic changes of residue level of malachite green(MG)and nitrofurans,including relevant metabolites,in turbot,snakehead fish and Chinese perch(i.e.,"two types of prohibited veterinary drug abused in three kinds of fishes"issue)in Shanghai from 2008 to 2018,and to conduct dietary risk assessments of Shanghai residents.Methods Based on risk monitoring project from 2008 to 2018,a margin of exposure(MOE)approach was applied to evaluate human health risk according to the daily food consumption investigation of local residents.Results The average unqualified rate of two types of prohibited drugs abused in three kinds of fish was 19.0%(148/779)in the past 11 years,which fluctuated in a downward trend.The unqualified rate dropped from 33.7%(30/89)in 2008 to3.6%(2/55)in 2018 with a 89.3%declining range.In terms of different fish species,the unqualified rates of MG and nitrofurans in turbot,snakehead fish and Chinese perch were 42.6%(100/235),8.6%(21/244)and 9.0%(27/300),respectively.Nitrofuran abuse problem(17.8%,139/779)outweighed that of MG(1.2%,9/779)in the past 11 years.The chronic risks of dietary intake of MG and nitrofurans from fishes were classified at very low level(MOE>104),of which MOE were 1.7×106 and 1.6×10~6,respectively.Conclusion The malachite green and nitrofurans abuse in three kinds of fish Shanghai was improved in general.Shanghai residents did not face a possible chronic health risk either from MG or nitrofurans in fishes;however,authorities should continuously keep tight supervision and control of the MG and nitrofurans as prohibited veterinary drugs.