劳动之成为实践:历史嬗变及其意义

Labor Becomes Praxis:Its Historical Evolution and Significance

从古希腊到中世纪,劳动一直处于被贬抑的地位,是苦难、痛苦、惩罚的代名词,是一种非人的活动。资产阶级的兴起,使劳动地位发生了逆转。但是他们仍把劳动看作单纯的“成物”活动,忽视劳动对人的内在构建意义。黑格尔第一次论述了劳动对人的教化和解放意义。马克思批判地继承了黑格尔关于劳动的哲学思想,在完全意义上把劳动提升为实践。马克思创立了“劳动—社会”的实践哲学:以劳动实践作为人类社会的基础;依据劳动的两重性构建了人道与科学统一的基本逻辑;转换了实践哲学的存在场域,用“社会”范畴取代传统实践哲学的政治、伦理范畴,拓展了实践哲学的广度和深度;重构了实践哲学的终极旨趣,用社会解放代替了政治解放,使实践哲学成为无产阶级革命和人类解放的理论。

From ancient Greece through to the Middle Ages,labor was disparaged as the synonym for suffering,pain punishment and a non-human activity.The rise of the bourgeoisie uplifted the status of labor.However,people still regarded labor as a one-dimensional activity of“making things”and neglected its inherent significance of cultivating the human being.Hegel was the first to discuss the significance of labor in terms of human education and emancipation.Marx inherited Hegel's philosophical thinking on labor critically and elevated labor into praxis in the complete sense.He founded a“labor and society”philosophy of praxis which(1)saw labor praxis as the foundation of human society;(2)constructed the fundamental logic of the unification of“humanity and science”based on the duality of labor;(3)transformed the existing field of the philosophy of praxis by replacing the traditional categories of politics and ethics with the category of“society,”thus expanding the breadth and depth of the philosophy of praxis;(4)reconstructed the ultimate purpose and interest of the philosophy of praxis by replacing political liberation with social liberation,which made praxis philosophy into a theory of proletarian revolution and human liberation.