意识现象学与无意识研究的可能性

Conscious Phenomenology and the Possibility of Unconsciousness Studies

布伦塔诺对内意识和无意识的区分开启了现代心理学的两个研究方向,并在总体上厘清了无意识问题以及无意识理论的可能性问题。胡塞尔与弗洛伊德后来对意识与无意识的研究分别处理人类心灵的两个组成部分的问题,它们可以纳入显现的意识现象(意识)与不显现的意识机能(无意识)两个范畴。而在胡塞尔与弗洛伊德之前,艾宾浩斯的记忆心理学研究已经开始使用一种通过主动拷问精神和心理来获得关于意识机能的知识的方法,从而使无意识研究可以成为自我实验的而非思辨的、心而上学的方法。总体而言,胡塞尔和弗洛伊德虽彼此并无关涉,但胡塞尔后期的发生现象学的边界已经接近弗洛伊德的心而上学领域。他们分别提出三重自我的意识结构与发生的理论,以及踏上借助梦的解释来说明无意识的迂回道路,等等。现象学—心理学今天的任务主要在两个方面:其一,研究显现的意识活动与不显现的意识机能之间的关系;其二,澄清这两种意识表层和无意识深层的本质。意识与无意识研究在人工智能时代凸现出来的意义是,它们决定了未来的人工意识乃至人工心灵是否可能。

Brentano’s distinction between inner consciousness and unconsciousness opened up two research directions in modern psychology,clarifying the problems of unconsciousness and the possibilities of unconsciousness theory in general.Husserl and Freud’s later research on consciousness and unconsciousness dealt with the two components of human mind separately.They can be categorized into manifested conscious phenomena(consciousness)and non-manifested conscious functions(unconsciousness).Before Husserl and Freud,Ebbinghaus’s research on the psychology of memory had begun to use a method of actively interrogating spirit and psychology to obtain knowledge about conscious functions,enabling research on unconsciousness to become a self-experiment rather than a speculative meta-psychological method.Overall,although Husserl and Freud did not have overlapping concerns,the boundaries of genetic phenomenology in Husserl’s later period are close to Freud’s meta-psychology.They respectively put forward the theory of the structure of consciousness and the genesis of the tripartite self,and each took a circuitous path to explaining unconsciousness by means of the interpretation of dreams and so on.The task of phenomenology/psychology remains focused on two aspects:first,studying the relationship between manifested conscious activities and non-manifested conscious functions;and second,clarifying the essence of the two conscious surfaces and the unconscious deep layers.The significance of research on consciousness and unconsciousness in the artificial intelligence era is that they determine whether artificial consciousness and even artificial minds will be possible in the future.