马克思唯物史观视域中的法治问题

The Issue of the Rule of Law from the Perspective of Marx’s Historical Materialism

依法治国的核心问题是法治。法治意味着法的理念与现实的辩证统一。马克思主义哲学对法治的理解,以唯物史观为基础,以马克思的法哲学批判为指导,依循法律之理念与现实的内在二元结构,并结合现代法治发展的实际历史过程,探讨三个有关法治的理论问题:第一,法治的社会物质关系基础是市场经济,法治本身是经济关系变革与法律关系变革相互作用的产物,具体来说,就是资本主义市场经济中的财产关系抽象化催生了近代法律,并造就了由自由与公平、权利与义务诸原则体现的法律之形式正义。第二,马克思基于唯物史观对法律之形式正义的有限性和本质缺陷进行的批判,为现代法治揭示出更高的目标和理念,这就是"作为实质正义的社会正义",其具体内容是消除资产阶级财产权的压迫性,实现无产阶级的社会解放,从而实现作为法治最高目标的公共福祉。第三,马克思法哲学批判在当代西方法哲学中的理论效应,表现为后者对现代法治发展的理解,很大程度上是沿着马克思揭示的理论方向,超越西方法治传统的形式正义教条,强调作为实质正义的社会正义在法治中的地位和意义,使法律的形式正义尽可能内在地蕴含在实质正义之中。

The core issue of law-based governance is the rule of law.The rule of law means the dialectical unity of the idea of law and reality.Based on Marxism’s understanding of the rule and historical materialism,and guided by Marx’s critique of legal philosophy,following the intrinsic dual structure of the idea of law and reality and combining the actual historical process of the development of modern rule of law,this paper mainly discusses the following three theoretical issues of the rule of law.Firstly,the foundation of the social material relations of the rule of law is the market economy.The rule of law itself is the product of the interaction between the reform of economic relations and legal relations.To be specific,it is the abstraction of property relations in the capitalist market economy that gives rise to modern law,and produces the formal justice of law embodied in the principles of freedom and fairness,and rights and obligations.Secondly,Marx’s critique of the limitations and essential defects of the formal justice of law based on his historical materialism reveals higher goals or ideas for the modern rule of law.This is"social justice as substantive justice."More specifically,it aims to eliminate the oppression of bourgeois property rights and realize the social liberation of proletariat with the achievement of public welfare as the supreme goal of the rule of law.Thirdly,the theoretical effect of Marx’s critique of legal philosophy on contemporary Western legal philosophy is reflected in contemporary Western philosophers’understanding of the modern rule of law.To a large extent,this understanding follows the theoretical direction revealed by Marx and transcends the Western tradition of the rule of law in the doctrine of formal justice.In addition,it emphasizes the status and significance of social justice as substantive justice in the rule of law,thus making the formal justice of law inherent in substantive justice as much as possible.