滥伐林木罪保护法益生态化的形塑、应用与计算

Modeling,Application and Calculation of Ecological Benefits to the Crime of Deforestation

为了推动生态文明建设,滥伐林木罪的保护法益需要生态化转型并优化司法适用。分析2012~2021年滥伐林木罪的裁判数据可知,受到《森林法》修订与生态法益论兴起的影响,案件数量已经在2020年出现下降。但在司法实践中,滥伐林木罪依旧存在保护法益选择争议,导致刑法规制范围不清、规制砍伐枯死树木存疑以及行刑衔接障碍,而生态法益的损失计算方式模糊也影响后续的生态修复。滥伐林木罪由秩序法益论、财产法益论演进至生态法益论,本质上是采用生态学的人类中心法益论,满足生态文明建设的现实需求,直接保护林木资源的实质法益,并基于一体化理念完善保护范围。在司法实践中,采用生态法益论区分滥伐林木罪和盗伐林木罪的界限,在前置法定性与刑事法定量相统一的原理下围绕生态法益来明确规制范围,砍伐枯死树木因为没有侵害生态法益而实质出罪,并在行刑衔接上确保刑法与前置法就保护生态法益达成一致。滥伐林木罪造成的生态法益损失包括对自然环境的直接损失以及对人类社会的间接损失,应该在相关技术指南的指引下,借鉴环境经济学对环境资源总经济价值的评估模式来计算生态法益损失,生态修复属于非刑罚措施,可以通过科学设计来弥补生态法益损失,要求各项生态指标都恢复至林木的初始状态,进而影响量刑结果。

In order to promote the construction of ecological civilization,the protection benefits of deforestation crime need ecological transformation and optimization of judicial application.By analyzing the judgment data of deforestation crime from 2012 to 2021,influenced by the revision of the Forest Law and the rise of ecological legal interest theory,the number of cases has;decreased in 2020.However,in judicial practice,there are still disputes over the choice of protection benefits for the crime of deforestation,which leads to unclear regulatory scope of criminal law,questionable regulatory felling of dead trees,and obstacles in the Connection Between Administrative and Criminal Procedures.Moreover,the fuzzy calculation method of the loss of ecological legal benefits also affects the subsequent ecological restoration.The crime of deforestation has evolved from the theory of order law and the theory of property law to the theory of ecological law.In essence,it adopts the theory of anthropocentric law in ecology,meets the practical needs of ecological civilization construction,directly protects the substantive legal interests of forest resources,and improves the protection scope based on the concept of integration.In judicial practice,using the theory of ecological law distinguish between crime and the crime of illegal logging of the boundaries,in front of statutory and criminal law surrounding ecological law under the principle of unity of quantitative to clear regulation scope,cut down trees die because there is no violation of ecological law and essence from sin,and ensure that the criminal law on the execution to connect with the method of pre agree on protecting ecological law.The loss of ecological legal benefit caused by the crime of deforestation includes the direct loss to the natural environment and the indirect loss to the human society.Under the guidance of relevant technical guidelines,the ecological legal benefit loss should be calculated by refering to the assessment mode of environmental economics on the total economic value of environmental resources.Ecological restoration is a non-penal measure,and the ecological legal benefit loss can be compensated through scientific design,requiring all indicators to be restored to the initial state of forest resources,so as to affect the result of sentencing.