“主权”与“人”的观念谱系——从福蒂斯丘到霍布斯的观念流变

The Genealogy of Ideas About“Sovereignty”and“Human”:The Ideological Evolution from Fortescue to Hobbes

在霍布斯的国家利维坦理论之前,英格兰思想家就多次尝试用“人”来理解政治共同体。这一观念的流变也寓于英格兰主权形成的历史中。福蒂斯丘借用了历史上“基督身体”和“共和国身体”的比喻来讲述英格兰的故事,并用人民的出场来为“政治且王室”的政体赋予正当性。随后,在都铎王朝与斯图亚特王朝,法学家们将发端于教会法的独体法人观念运用于国王,产生了一个与国王人身相分离且包含公共性的人格观念,国家的观念在关于国王的想象中生长。而面对分裂的权力带来的失序以及内战后重构国家主权的命题,霍布斯将这个人格赋予国家利维坦,一个绝对的国家主权观念由此诞生。同时,霍布斯的国家理论也预示着个人在政治理论中的产生。

Before the Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes,the concept of“human”had been adopted by English philosophers to understand the political community for many times and its evolution had also become part of the England’s sovereignty-forming history.Fortescue borrowed historical metaphors of“the body of Christ”and“the body of the Republic”to tell the story of England,and employed the presence of people to give legitimacy to the“political and royal”regime.Later on,jurists applied the concept of corporation sole originated from canon law to the Tudor and Stuart monarchs,resulting in a public concept of personality that was separate from the king’s person and the idea of the state grew in the imagination towards the king.Facing with the disorder brought about by divided power and the reconstruction of the state’s sovereignty post the civil war,Hobbes entitled this kind of personality Leviathan,and thus a concept of absolute state sovereignty was established.Meanwhile,the occurrence of individuals in political theory was about to come in Hobbes’theory of the state.