浅析北宋中期官员致仕制度

Brief Analysis on Retirement System during the Middle of Northern Song Dynasty

致仕制度是官员管理的重要内容,是实现官僚体系内部新、旧交替有序进行的重要保障。北宋时期的致仕主要有两种形式:自陈致仕和特令致仕。致仕具备多种功能,包括封赏、惩治、显达长辈、荫补子孙等。从北宋初期到中期,官员的致仕标准发生了显著变化:致仕态度由"依礼致仕"向"依法致仕"转变,致仕待遇由半俸向全俸转变,对致仕年龄的监察由官员自陈向监察机构主动查访转变。北宋中期推行的致仕制度,一定程度上促进了人才的流动,提高了政府的行政效率,但过度推恩荫补引发的冗官冗费问题也成为北宋中期财政危机的重要原因。

Retirement system is an important part of official management,which is also an important guarantee to realize the orderly succession between the old and the new in the bureaucratic system.There were two forms of retirement during the Northern Song Dynasty:one was retirement demanded by officials themselves;the other was retirement demanded by governors.Retirement system has a variety of functions,including rewarding,punishment and conferring privileges for officials’parents,grandparents or children etc..From the beginning to the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty,there were significant changes in the standards of retirement:retirement attitudes changed from"retiring according to rite"to"retiring according to law";the treatment changed from half-salary to full-salary;the supervision of the age of retirement changed from self-report to active investigation by supervisory organizations.Retirement system during the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty was beneficial to introduce and dredge talents in time to some extent and improved the efficiency of government administration.However,the redundant officials and fees caused by over-compensation also became an important reason for the financial crisis in the middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty.