论民事行为能力制度的立法完善——《民法总则》颁布之后的法学理论建设

On the Perfection of the System of Capacity for Civil Conduct——Legal Theory Construction after the Promulgation of General Principles of the Civil Law

民事行为能力是民事主体享有民事权益、承担民事义务的资格,是民事法律理论体系的重要内容。从民事主体维护民事权益的角度看,民事行为能力制度意义重大。然而,中国"三级制"民事行为能力立法模式对于未成年人与丧失完全民事行为能力的成年人的民事权益保护仍存在保护不充分问题。"两级制"民事行为能力立法模式更能够体现对未成年人与无民事行为能力的成年人的身心关怀与保护。从制度设计上,可下调最低民事行为年龄,更尊重限制民事行为能力人的意思自治;完善拟制成年制度;增加"反欺诈"条款,保护善意相对人的合法权益。完善民事行为能力相关制度,可以使中国的民事法律制度更加科学,更加适应新时代的发展。

Capacity for civil conduct is the qualification for civil subjects to enjoy civil rights and bear civil obligations,and it is an important part of the theoretical system of civil law.From the perspective of civil subject to safeguard civil rights and interests,the capacity for civil conduct system is of great significance.However,the"three-level system"legislative model of capacity for civil conduct in China still has insufficient protection for the civil rights and interests of juveniles and adults losing their full capacity for civil conduct.The"two-tier system"legislative model of capacity for civil conduct can better reflect the physical and mental care and protection for juveniles and adults without capacity for civil conduct.In terms of system design,the minimum age for civil acts can be lowered to better respect the autonomy of people with limited capacity for civil conduct.The system of juvenile fiction should be improved."Anti-fraud"clauses can be added to protect the legitimate rights and interests of bona fide counterparts.Improving the system of capacity for civil conduct can make China’s civil legal system more scientific and more adaptable to the development of the new era.