从大数据看“程度”与“水平”的搭配差异与动态分配

The Different Collocation and Dynamic Allocation between “Chengdu” and “Shuiping” Based on Big Data

文章通过大数据分析,分别从古今语义发展、句法搭配异同、语用以及认知角度对"程度"与"水平"的搭配差异与动态分配进行了分析和研究。通过语义发展线索的梳理发现"水平"表示知识、文化、能力等高低的意义是后起的,在近代以前这一意义都用"程度"来表达。通过句法分析"水平"与"程度"搭配项的重合、交叉与互斥情况,在表示"在某一方面达到高度"这一含义时,"水平"的使用频率更高、使用范围也更广。从语用角度来说,在一定的语言环境中,"水平"可以带有感情色彩,而"程度"无此用法。通过共时与历时的两相比较,"水平"与"程度"之间存在竞争,从"水平"表示知识、文化、能力等的高低这一意义出现至今,二者之间的竞争日趋激烈,而"水平"在此竞争中之所以逐渐占据上风是由语言的经济性原则所促动的。

Through big data analysis,the paper analyzes the different collocation and dynamic allocation between"chengdu"and"shuiping"from the perspectives of semantic development,syntactic collocation,pragmatics and cognition.From the perspective of semantic development,it finds that the meanings like the level of knowledge,culture and ability now conveyed by"shuiping"were expressed by"chengdu"before the modern time.By analyzing the cross-overlapping and mutual exclusive collocations of"shuiping"and"chengdu",it finds that"shuiping"has a much higher frequency and wider scope of use to express the meaning of"achieving the level in one aspect".From the perspective of pragmatics,in some cases,"shuiping"can show up emotion,but"chengdu"can’t.Comparing synchronically and diachronically,we find that the competition exists between"shuiping"and"chengdu".And when"shuiping"began to take the meaning of the level of knowledge,culture and ability,the competition between the two become increasingly fierce.The reason why"shuiping"gradually gains the upper hand in this competition is driven by the economic principle of language.