大数据时代数据知识产权立法的理据与进路

数据知识产权立法是大数据时代知识产权领域的全新立法动议。数据知识产权立法的合理性源自知识产权调整范畴和结构框架与数据财产赋权的契合性,知识产权劳动学说和契约学说对数据财产赋权正当性的理论证成,以及知识产权的开放法律体系和已有数据保护经验所提供的法律支持。在此基础上,以公开性数据集合为权利客体并以数据集合制造者为权利主体的基础法律关系,以专有使用权和内容拓展权为实体权项并以登记为权利取得程序要件的授权模式,以及涉及权利效力认定、权利限制规则和权利救济体系等多个维度的确权机制,共同构成了数据知识产权基础性规范构造。鉴于个人数据、企业数据、公共数据在使用和流通上的巨大差异,数据知识产权立法过程中应对数据财产予以分类分级保护,在一般性法律规则的基础上以特别条款、行业指南或指导意见等形式,实现个人数据、企业数据、公共数据知识产权赋权的结构性分置。

The legislation on data intellectual property represents a new legislative initiative in the intellectual property field and in the big data era.The rationality behind such legislation is rooted in the compatibility of the scope and structural framework of intellectual property with data property empowerment,the theoretical justification of intellectual property,such as labor theory and contract theory for data property empowerment,as well as the legal support provided by the open legal system of intellectual property and pre-existing data protection experience.On this basis,the basic legal relationship of public data sets as the object of rights and the data set manufacturer as the subject of rights,the authorization model of exclusive use rights and content expansion rights as substantive elements and registration as procedural requirement for obtaining rights,as well as the rights confirmation mechanism involving multiple dimensions such as the determination of rights effectiveness,rights limitation rules,and rights relief system,together constitute the basic normative construction of data intellectual property.At the same time,in view of the significant differences in the use and circulation of personal data,business data,and public data,data property should be classified for protection in the process of data intellectual property legislation.Special provisions,industry guidelines,or guidance,built on general legal rules,are proposed to effectuate a structured separation of intellectual property rights for personal data,business data,and public data.