“商标在先使用抗辩”规范结构反思与分析框架塑造

商标在先使用抗辩的制度功能在于筛选具有在先性保护价值的客体,选择过程应当严格秉持价值识别的法律方法,以在先性使用的有限保护为依归。基于在先使用商标形成交易市场的事实而产生的抗辩,本质上是对诚实信用和私法自治原则的维护,其表现形式是抗辩规则与商标在先使用利益保护规则的交互融合。实践中对商标在先使用抗辩规则的分析过于重视具体要素的逐个击破,忽视了作为整体概念规则的建构和功能解剖。在以制度功能为核心目标价值指引的基础上塑造“功能-要件”对应关系的分析范式,形成“准入-排除-限制”功能映射“善意在先-要素控制-有限保护”的三元分析框架,澄清不同要件所承载的差异功能,助力优化现有规范分析的解释论框架。

The function of the prior trademark use defense is to screen out the marks of priority value to protect.The screening process should strictly adhere to the legal method of value identification,and rely on the limited protection of prior use.This defense is based on the fact that the related market has been formed by the prior trademark use,essentially to maintain good faith and the autonomy of private rights,and takes the forms of interactively combining the defense rules and the rules that protect the interests of prior trademark use.In practice,the analysis of the defense rules for the prior trademark use pays too much attention on specific elements,while neglecting the construction and application of rules as a whole concept.Therefore,based on the systemic function as the core value goal,the analysis paradigm of the corresponding relationship of"function-elements"is shaped to form a ternary analysis framework of"access–exclusion-restriction"function to map"goodwill prior-element control-limited protection",clarify the different functions carried by different elements,and help optimize the element interpretation theory of existing normative analysis.