实践推理的认知规范——论知识规范与信念规范之争的实质

The Epistemic Norm of Practical Reasoning: On the Essence of the Debate between Knowledge Norm and Doxastic Norm

近年来,实践推理的认知规范问题在当代知识论中得到越来越多的关注。霍索恩和斯坦利给出了一个统辖实践推理的知识规范,认为实践推理的前提应当由知识组成。这个规范受到了很多学者的批判,各种信念规范相继被提出。这场规范之争首先源于理性行动的复杂性,但其实质在于双方哲学倾向的不同以及对规范层级理解的分歧:知识规范倾向于"知识优先"的哲学观且注重行动理由的可靠性,信念规范则偏向于贝叶斯决策理论且看重行动的后果。如果认为实践推理的认知目标在于行动理由的可靠性,那么实践推理的知识规范就是更为理想和基本的认知规范。

In recent years,the epistemic norm of practical reasoning is getting a lot of attention in contemporary epistemology.Hawthorne and Stanley give an epistemic norm that governs practical reasoning,which claims that the premises of practical reasoning should be composed of knowledge.However,this norm has been criticized by many philosophers,and various doxastic norms have been put forward.The debate stems from the complexity of rational action,but its essence lies in the divergence of philosophical standpoint and understanding on the hierarchy of norms:philosophers who support knowledge norm tend to take"knowledge first"and emphasize the soundness of reason for action,while philosophers who support doxastic norm tend to Bayesian theory of decision making and emphasize the consequences of an action.If the epistemic goal of practical reasoning lies in the reliability of reasons for action,then the knowledge norm of practical reasoning is more ideal and basic.