明代贵州虎患及人类社会应对

Tiger Attacks and Social Countermeasures in Guizhou During Ming Dynasty

本文通过对地方志中有关虎的历史记录进行分析,对明代贵州地区虎患的烈度、时空分布、社会应对进行全方位梳理和复原。历史文献记载表明,随着区域开发活动的不断展开与深入,明代贵州地区的虎患现象在早期较少且烈度低,至中后期爆发频繁且愈益酷烈,以正统、嘉靖、万历年间为主,其中嘉靖年间最为频繁,平均每四年爆发一次。通过运用GIS手段,将虎患记录的频次及其区域分布可视化,发现虎患的多发区域集中在丘陵山地和盆地的东部、中部地区。针对虎患发生的不同时间、地点、烈度及受害人,其社会应对以民间、官方和僧道三个群体为主,应对方式则主要有祈祷、捕杀、感化三种。

The paper takes a case study on tiger in Guizhou area during Ming Dynasty.By analyzing the historical tiger records in gazetteers,the paper discusses the tiger attacks and people’s countermeasures in Guizhou area during Ming Dynasty.The development of Guizhou by central government began since 1413.From then on,people can meet tiger now and then as well as tiger attacking people and their livestock happened.According to the historical records,the tiger attacks happened more frequently and killed more people and domestic animals in mid-late Ming Dynasty.Moreover,most of the tiger attacks happened in the hills and mountain area in the east and central parts.For the sake of safety and regional development,local people,officials,military troops and even Buddhist monks&Taoist priests took 3 kinds of countermeasures including sacrificing to deities,taking benevolent beliefs for driving tigers off as well as directly hunting and killing tigers.The tiger attack and the social countermeasures influenced obviously on the tiger species living.