华北地区夏玉米生产中磷素利用特征研究

Phosphorous Utilization During Summer Maize Production in North China

为评估当前中国华北地区夏玉米生产中的磷素利用效率和影响因素,促进磷肥资源高效利用和降低损失和污染,本研究通过收集1980年以来公开发表的夏玉米田间试验的文献,对华北地区夏玉米磷肥试验数据进行收集、整理和分析,获得了夏玉米的籽粒与秸秆产量及其比例,以及施磷量与籽粒和秸秆磷含量的关系模型。研究发现,随着施磷量的增加,土壤-夏玉米作物系统的磷素表观盈亏量呈线性增加,在施磷达到75 kg/hm^2时,磷素表观盈亏量为0。华北地区的夏玉米磷肥平均利用效率约为15%;增加氮肥施用量以及与磷合理配施有利于提高磷肥利用效率。整体上,夏玉米对磷酸二铵的利用效率高于过磷酸钙;有机肥和化肥配施可以有效提高磷肥利用效率。夏玉米‘天泰60’品种的磷肥利用效率最高。在华北地区夏玉米生产中,选用磷酸二铵以及适合的氮肥水平、有机肥与化肥配施,可以提高磷肥利用效率,降低磷肥损失和环境污染风险。

The aims are to evaluate the phosphorous(P) utilization and influencing factors in summer maize production in North China, promote high-efficient utilization of P fertilizer, and decrease the loss and environmental pollution. The authors collected the researches on summer maize since 1980. The data of P fertilizer experiments on summer maize in North China were analyzed. The grain yield, straw yield and grain/straw ratio were obtained, and the relationship between fertilizer P rate and P content in the grain and straw of summer maize were obtained. The results showed that with the increase of P fertilizer, the apparent profit and loss of phosphorus linearly increased, and at the fertilizer P rate of 75 kg/hm^2, the apparent profit and loss of phosphorus was 0. The average P fertilizer efficiency of summer maize in North China was 15%, and the increase of nitrogen(N) fertilizer and its combining application with fertilizer P helped to increase P fertilizer efficiency. Summer maize had higher utilization efficiency of diammonium phosphate than calcium superphosphate, and the combination of organic and chemical P fertilizer also significantly increased P fertilizer efficiency. Among all the maize varieties,‘Tiantai 60’had the highest P efficiency. In summer maize production in North China, the application of diammonium phosphate and N fertilizer of appropriate level, and the combination of organic and chemical P fertilizer can improve the utilization efficiency of P fertilizer,decrease its loss, and reduce the risk of environmental pollution.