环境法视域下的碳中和治理:法理基础、体系困境与纾解之道

Carbon Neutral Governance from the Perspective of Environmental Law:Jurisprudential Basis,System Dilemma and Solution

作为统筹气候变化国际责任承担和实现国内经济社会可持续发展这一战略需求而生成的重大时代性议题,碳中和治理蕴含着深刻的环境法意蕴和深厚的环境法期许,这既包括宪法统摄下的“生态文明建设”条款能够将碳中和治理置于环境治理整体战略布局之中予以宏观引导,“美丽中国”和“人类命运共同体”的规则表达能够承接碳中和治理的终极目标以及“新发展理念”的规范宣示能够为碳中和治理提供可行性路径,也在于环境法本身蕴含的安全、效率以及秩序等价值理念为碳中和治理奠定了坚实的法理根基,二者共同塑造了环境法视域下成熟且自洽的碳中和治理的理论框架。当前,因应碳中和背景下我国气候变化应对法律体系面临规范基础的薄弱迟滞与主流价值缺失,这导致面向碳中和治理的环境法律规范体系在形式理性与实质理性上所追寻的“法规范无相抵触”与“法体系逻辑自洽”整体上呈现为一种“残缺不全”的状态。由于理想层面的“良善型法律规范体系”应为统合实质理性与形式理性而生成的现代法治产物,以此为参照,面向碳中和治理的环境法立法规范体系化进展应以内在价值融贯性和外在规则周延性为基本遵循。一方面,应将以“人与自然和谐共生”为根本价值引领的“碳中和目标”作为“目的性规范”嵌入环境法律规范体系之中;另一方面,需在统一价值理念的指引下,整合好面向碳中和治理的环境法内部规范体系并协调好外部规范体系,以完善碳中和治理的环境法规范的整体组成及其结构。

As a major contemporary issue arising from the strategic needs of coordinating international responsibility for climate change and realizing sustainable domestic economic and social development,carbon neutral governance contains profound environmental law implications and expectations.This includes the provision of“ecological civilization construction”under the control of the Constitution,which can place carbon neutral governance in the overall strategic layout of environmental governance to provide macro-guidance;the rule expression of“Beautiful China”and“A Global Community of Shared Future”,which can undertake the ultimate goal of carbon neutral governance;and the normative declaration of“new development concept”,which can provide a feasible path for carbon neutral governance.It is also because the values of safety,efficiency and order contained in environmental law itself have laid a solid legal foundation for carbon neutral governance,and the two have jointly shaped a mature and self-consistent theoretical framework for carbon neutral governance from the perspective of environmental law.At present,China’s legal system for dealing with climate change under the background of carbon neutrality is faced with the weak and sluggish normative foundation and the lack of mainstream value,which leads to the“no conflict of legal norms”and“consistent logic of legal system”pursued by the environmental legal norm system for carbon neutrality governance as a whole in a“incomplete”state.Because the ideal level of“good legal norm system”should be the modern legal product of the integration of substantive rationality and formal rationality,taking this as a reference,the progress of the systematization of environmental law legislation for carbon neutral governance should be basically followed by the coherence of intrinsic value and the consistency of external rules.On the one hand,the“carbon neutrality goal”guided by the fundamental value of“harmonious coexistence between man and nature”should be embedded in the environmental legal norm system as a“objective norm”.On the other hand,under the guidance of the unified value concept,it is necessary to integrate the internal norm system of environmental law for carbon neutral governance and coordinate the external norm system,so as to improve the overall composition and structure of the environmental law norm for carbon neutral governance.