全面建成小康社会后中国的相对贫困标准、测量与瞄准——基于2018年中国住户调查数据的分析

China’s Relative Poverty Standards, Measurement and Targeting After the Completion of Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in an All-round Way:An Analysis Based on Data from China Urban and Rural Household Survey in 2018

在全面建成小康社会后,中国的反贫困工作将转入缓解相对贫困阶段。本文根据贫困定义与标准的演进和对中国的现实考量,提出中国相对贫困标准的可行方案,并基于2018年中国住户调查数据进行相关测算,进而提出相对贫困的瞄准机制。本文建议制定一个包括收入维度与非收入维度的多维相对贫困标准,在相对贫困初期阶段,可按照城镇与农村居民人均可支配收入中位数的40%分别确定城镇与农村的相对收入贫困线。在这一标准下,城镇与农村的相对贫困发生率分别为11.12%和12.78%。对多维相对贫困的测算结果表明:西部地区城乡居民的多维贫困状况最严重,东部地区最轻微,且农村居民比城镇居民贫困状况更严重,山区居民比非山区居民贫困状况更甚,少数民族地区比汉族地区更为贫困;分维度考察发现,就业困难是造成城乡居民多维贫困的首要因素,次要因素是在健康、教育和社会保障等维度上存在缺失,农村居民的生活环境也亟需改善;从贫困群体的特征来考察,多维贫困更多发生于女性、老年人、不健康者和残疾人等特殊群体。本文建议采用区域与个体瞄准相结合、城镇与农村瞄准相统筹、重点领域和重点人群并重的相对贫困瞄准机制。

After building a well-off society in an all-round way,China’s anti-poverty work will shift to the stage of alleviating relative poverty.Based on the evolution of poverty definition,standards and China’s reality,this article puts forward an alternative plan of relative poverty standards.Based on the data of China Household Survey in 2018,the study makes relevant calculation and puts forward the relative poverty targeting mechanism.It proposes to develop a multi-dimensional relative poverty standard including income dimension and non-income dimension.In the initial stage of relative poverty,the relative income poverty line of urban and rural residents can be determined separately according to 40%of their median per capita disposable income.Under this standard,the incidence of relative poverty in urban and rural areas is 11.12%and 12.78%,respectively.The results of multi-dimensional poverty measurement show that,first of all,the multi-dimensional poverty of urban and rural residents in western China is the most serious,while that in eastern China is the least.Moreover,the deprivation of rural residents is more serious than that of urban residents,the poverty of residents in mountainous areas is worse than that of residents in non-mountainous areas,and the poverty of ethnic minority regions is worse than that of Han regions.Second,the employment difficulty is the primary cause of multi-dimensional poverty of urban and rural residents.The secondary factor is the deprivation of health,education and social security dimensions,and the living environment dimension of rural residents also needs to be improved.Third,from the perspective of the characteristics of poor groups,multi-dimensional poverty is more likely to occur in some special groups,such as women,the elderly,unhealthy people,the disabled and so on.In view of this,the study suggests adopting a relative poverty targeting mechanism that combines regional and individual targeting,coordinating urban and rural targeting,and paying equal attention to key areas and key groups.