响应与挣扎:下放农村劳动锻炼女干部的心灵世界——以锦女士1958年下放劳动日记为个案

Response and Struggle:The Spiritual World of the Female Cadres Transferred to do Manual Labor in the Countryside:With the Diary by Ms.Jin in 1958 as a Case Study

本文从性别史、心态史的视角对20世纪50年代末大规模下放农村劳动锻炼的干部群体展开考察。在全面推进社会主义革命的历史进程中,塑造"一心为公"的一代新人的国家意识形态是强势而富有成效的,下放女干部在力所能及的条件下,对国家意识形态的召唤存在积极响应、践行、融入的一面;在面临诸多困境的条件下,个体理性与革命意识形态在复杂的互动过程中也不是天然地二元对立的,而是既有呼应与融合,也有困境与挣扎。作为女性政治精英,她们在痛苦的挣扎中试图努力检讨、反思、超越个体理性,达到国家意识形态的塑造目标,结局却是个体理性的强韧存在。最终,通过下放劳动锻炼成长为共产主义接班人的崇高革命理想并不能有效解脱一些女干部的"个人主义"思想,这是思想革命化改造机制面临的时代性实践性困境。脱离历史条件的共产主义道德教化往往意味着普遍的人情人性挣扎。从"一心为公"的共产主义道德回归改革时代的"公私分明,先公后私"成为历史的必然。普通女干部的心灵史,透视出革命意识形态社会动员与思想整合的效能及其实践困境,也为社会主义阶段建构真正植根于人心的国家意识形态提供了有益的反思与历史启示。

This study,from the perspective of history of gender and mentalities,examined the cadre groups transferred to do manual labor in the countryside in the late 1950 s.In the process of comprehensively advancing the socialist revolution,such state ideology of cultivating a new generation"devoting to the public interests"proved powerful and productive.Those female cadres tried their best to positively answer and practice the country’s call.Facing adverse conditions,individual rationality was not naturally in opposition to the revolutionary ideology.Instead,even though struggling with each other,they responded and integrated with each other during their complex interaction.Those female political elites tried hard to reconsider and overcome their individual rationalities so that they could meet the goal of the state ideology.But their individual rationalities refused to disappear so easily.Therefore,such great revolutionary ideal of cultivating successors to the communist cause by transferring cadres to do labor in the countryside could not effectively help some female cadres abandon their"individualism",which showed the practical difficulties faced by the ideological reform mechanism at that time.Such communist moral education usually means the universal struggle of human nature.Thus it became necessary to change from the communist morality of"devoting all to the public interests"to the one"be scrupulous in separating public from private interests,and put public interest before self-interest".The history of the common female cadres not only shows the efficiency and practical difficulties of the revolutionary ideology,but also provides useful reflections and historical inspirations for constructing a national ideology that is really rooted in people’s heart in the whole stage of socialism.