殷墟孝民屯“族墓地”分区研究

Study on the Division of the “Clan Cemetery” in Xiaomintun, Yinxu

2003-2004年殷墟孝民屯揭露了成片的晚商墓葬,鉴于资料的完整性和丰富性,本文试对其进行分区研究,探究其所反映的族氏组织情况。以往主要依据墓葬的空间聚集程度,对墓地进行区组划分。观察孝民屯墓地,我们认为墓向、随葬陶器组合等葬俗特征也应是划分墓区的重要依据。因此,依据墓葬的空间分布与葬俗特征,对孝民屯墓地原有的分区方案进行了一定的调整。调整之后的墓区内部葬俗统一性较强,墓区之间的葬俗差异性也比较明显,它们应是属于不同族氏的"族墓地"。然后,考察墓地内不同性别墓葬的分布,发现夫妻异穴并葬习俗并不流行。最后,根据墓区的不同规模,推测孝民屯墓地存在两级族氏组织,认为"族墓地"的存在是族作为社会活动基本单位的表现。

From 2003 to 2004,a large number of tombs of the late Shang dynasty were discovered in Xiaomintun,Yinxu.In view of the completeness and richness of the archaeological material,this article tries to study on the division of this cemetery and explore its clan organization.The degree of spatial aggregation of tombs used to be the main basis for the division of a cemetery.In the investigation of Xiaomintun cemetery,the authors believe that the burial customs(including tomb direction,burial pottery combination,etc)should also be an important basis for the division of a cemetery.According to the spatial distribution and burial customs,the cemetery was re-divided into several sections.After the adjustment,the burial customs in each section are relatively consistent,and the differences between sections are also obvious.They should be"clan cemeteries"belonging to different clans.By investigating the distribution of tombs of different genders in the cemetery,it is found that the custom of couples buried together in adjacent graves was not popular.According to the scale of the sections,it is inferred that there were two levels of clan organization in Xiaomintun cemetery,and"clan cemetery"was the evidence of clan being the basic unit of social activities.