明末清初针对司铎的反教权主义

Anticlericalism in Late Ming and Early Qing

本文通过反教权主义(anticléricalisme)的角度重新探视明末清初的反天主教运动。本文分为性别、暴力、妖术三个主题,从国家和地方两个层面叙述天主教司铎所遭受的攻击。天主教司铎卷入反教权主义运动与当时中国社会的变迁息息相关。明末清初,天主教更多是作为一种中国社会的边缘宗教,和白莲教、无为教等其他本土宗教一同归入"白莲教"的标签下。司铎亦与和尚、道士及民间宗教的宗教专家一同遭到类似的反教权话语攻击。对于佛教群体而言,攻击天主教司铎除了反击,亦希望区分佛教与左道异端,并向国家显明自身的正统性。

This article explores the anti-Christian movement in late Ming and early Qing afresh in the anticlerical perspective.Under the three themes of sexuality,violence and sorcery,the attack on the Catholic priest is discussed on the local level as well as the national one.That the Catholic priest got involved in the anticlerical movement was closely intertwined with changes in Chinese society.The Teaching of the Lord of Heaven was considered more as a marginal religion in Chinese society and was labeled as"the White Lotus Teaching"together with other Chinese religions.And the Catholic priest was attacked by the similar anticlerical discourse together with the Buddhist monk,the Taoist priest and the religious professional in popular religion.Moreover,the attack on the Catholic priest from the Buddhist was aimed to distinguish Buddhism from the heterodox religious groups,thus proving its own orthodoxy.