连带债务内部效力规则的体系效益与解释适用

The Systematic Benefit and Interpretation Application of the Internal Validity Rule of Joint and Several Obligations

《民法典》体系效益的由来在于其调整范围的全面性、规范内容的逻辑性和法律意义的条理性。连带债务内部效力规则具有包容性,即使将连带债务的范围扩大及于数债务人因债的不同发生原因,而对债权人对外负担全部给付的义务,以满足债权人同一给付利益,且其中一债务人进行了给付,其他债务人即同免其责任的债务形态,对于数债务人间内部追偿、追偿权范围扩张等情形,通过体系解释等方法,类推适用连带债务规范并无障碍。对于连带共同保证,将合同编通则中关于连带债务的一般规定与合同编分则关于保证合同的特别规定相结合,一同作为共同保证人内部份额追偿纠纷所适用的请求权基础。对于侵权连带责任,应在内部给予过失程度较小的加害人相对应的责任份额,以此才符合公平原则,而非在任何情况下都平均分担责任。对于不真正连带债务,为了顾及连带债务人之间的公平负担原则,在终极责任承担者无力偿还债务时,应使数债务人承担共同分担义务。

The origin of the systematic benefit of the Civil Code lies in the comprehensiveness of its adjustment scope,the logicality of its normative content and the orderliness of its legal significance.The internal validity rule of joint and several obligations is inclusive.For joint and several suretyship,the general provisions on joint and several obligations in the general rules of contract and the special provisions on guarantee contract in the sub-rules of contract are combined together as the basis of the right of claim applicable to the dispute of internal share recovery of joint guarantors.For tort joint liability,a corresponding share of responsibility should be given internally to the offender with a lower degree of fault,in order to comply with the principle of fairness,rather than sharing responsibility equally in any situation.For unreal joint and several obligations,in order to take into account the principle of fair burden between joint and several debtors,when the ultimate liability bearer is unable to repay the debt,several debtors are allowed to share the obligation.