民事强制执行立法的守正与创新

Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground of Civil Enforcement Legislation

我国民事强制执行立法面临着来自实体法与程序法等相邻制度和相关社会现实的需求,并在回应与提供解决方案的过程中逐渐形成了与相关领域的制度竞争,这是讨论我国执行立法如何守正与创新的背景和基础。我国执行立法的守正之道在于尊重民事强制执行的固有体系与内在规律,包括协调实现私权的目的与追求效率的价值、廓清审执关系的边界、实现经纬分明的立法构造等方式。我国执行实践为在执行查控模式的信息化与网络司法拍卖的全面化、直接与间接执行措施并举及失信惩戒的规范化等方面自发生成的制度群提供了创新经验。同时,我国执行理论应当在比例原则的入法及其对执行法定原则的补充、强职权主义的缓和与处分权主义的强化、执行力扩张与变更追加被执行人的方案等方面为执行立法创新提供支持。只有以真实问题为导向,充分运用我国民事强制执行的实践经验与理论资源,才能为执行立法提供中国方案。

The legislation of civil enforcement is faced with the needs from contiguous systems such as substantive law and procedural law and relevant social realities,to which in the process of responding the civil enforcement law has formed the phenomenon of institutional competition with relevant fields.It constitutes the background and basis for discussing how to uphold fundamental principles and to break new ground in the legislation of China.The inherent system and internal laws should be respected in the legislation of civil enforcement,and the way of upholding fundamental principles consists of coordinating the purpose of realizing private rights with the value of pursuing efficiency,clarifying the boundaries of relationship between civil trial with enforcement,and designing organized as well as distinct legislative structure.The spontaneously generated systems in the practice of Chinese civil enforcement have provided innovative experience through the informatization of searching and controlling properties,the generalization of network judicial auction,the parallelization of direct and indirect execution measures,and the standardization of punishment for breaking faith.The civil enforcement legislation of China should provide theoretical innovations in aspects of stipulating principle of proportionality as the supplement of statutory execution principle,of moderating strong authority principle and strengthening right of disposition,of expanding the range of execution effect and providing programmes for changing or supplementing debtors.Only by taking the real problem as the guide and utilizing the practical experience and theoretical resources of civil enforcement can we provide characteristic solutions for civil enforcement legislation of China.