作为确权根本法的中国宪法

Chinese Constitution as a Fundamental Law of Identification

对中国宪法的根本法内涵的理解,最终需要从其内容特征出发。中国宪法不同于作为限权根本法的自由主义宪法,没有采用国家与社会对立的二元结构观,也没有接受超脱于实证法律体系的高级法观念。中国宪法与作为社会改造赋权根本法的转型宪法具有很多相似性,两者都对社会与国家之间的关系更多地采取合作的视角。但是在中国宪法的实施过程中,人们通常不认为还存在着根本制度化的违宪现象,中国的司法机关也没有最高政治决策功能,这使得中国宪法与转型宪法区别开来。传统宪法思想认为宪法与国家的登场存在着时间差,但是这种时间差观念是人为主观拟制的产物,在为传统宪法范式提供理论前提支撑的同时,又创造了制宪权难题。在扬弃这种时间差观念后,人们可以认为宪法与国家是同时登场的,宪法可以表现为一种新的理想类型:确权根本法。作为确权根本法的中国宪法的根本任务,是为了确认规定在中国宪法中的人民形象,确定国家权力的范围,指明国家的发展方向。作为确权根本法的宪法更加需要成熟活跃的合宪性审查制度,以更好地表述和完善宪法中的人民形象,更好地以法治手段引导政治活动。

To understand the true meaning of the Chinese Constitution as the fundamental law,one needs to start from the features of its content.Distinguished from the liberalist constitution which mainly serves as a fundamental law to limit the state powers,the Chinese Constitution does not adopt the dual structure between the state and society,nor the concept of a higher law transcending the positive law.The Chinese Constitution shares many similarities with the transitional constitution which mainly serves as the fundamental law to empower the state to advance social transformation.Both treat the relationship between the state and society as a collaborative one.However,in practices of the Chinese Constitution,it is generally not accepted that there are still systematic unconstitutional realities,and judiciary in China plays little role in political decision-making,which distinguishes the Chinese Constitution from the transitional constitution.Traditional constitutional thoughts hold that there be a time lag between the emergence of the constitution and that of the state.This concept of time lag,however,is the product of theoretical creation,which not only provides theoretical grounds for traditional constitutional paradigm,but also creates difficulties in legitimacy of constitution making power.Abandoning this theoretical time lag,the constitution and the state could be regarded as being created at the same time,and a new category of constitution would emerge:the fundamental law of identification.The main task of the Chinese Constitution as a fundamental law of identification is to identify the image of the Chinese people stipulated in the Chinese Constitution,to define the scope of state power,and to guide the direction of the country's development.The Chinese Constitution needs a robust constitutional review system to better express and concretize the image of the Chinese people in the constitution,and to better guide political activities by means of the rule of law.