“自诉转公诉”程序规则的系统性反思——以网络侮辱诽谤犯罪案件为视角

Systematically Rethinking on Procedural Rules for the Transition from Private Prosecution to Public Prosecution——From a Perspective of Online Insult and Defamation Crimes

针对网络侮辱诽谤案件,《关于依法惩治网络暴力违法犯罪的指导意见》第13条第1款明确了二元区分的“自诉转公诉”的程序转换规则。当公安机关立案侦查在先,若自诉仍处立案审查环节,“人民法院可以请自诉人撤回自诉或者裁定不予受理”;“已经受理的,应当裁定终止审理”。当被害人自诉在先,“人民法院经审查认为有关行为严重危害社会秩序的,应当将案件移送公安机关”。针对转换程序的反思仍有必要:从国家追诉介入在先自诉的外部视角来看,公安机关在自诉终结前立案侦查有违禁止重复起诉原则,检察机关主动建议公安机关立案可能超出了法律监督的权力边界;从自诉类型的内部视角来看,“告诉才处理”和“有证据证明的轻微刑事案件”的自诉转为公诉的程序规则存在矛盾之处。明晰公诉衔接自诉的时间节点、统一终结自诉的处理方式、厘清公诉发动的权力职责边界,是体系化构建“自诉转公诉”程序转换规则的三条主要路径。

In response to online insult and defamation cases,Article 13 Paragraph 1 of“Guiding Opinions on Legally Punishing Illegal and Criminal Activities Involving Cyber Violence”establishes a set of binary distinction procedural rules for“transition from private prosecution to public prosecution”.After the public security organ has already initiated the investigation,“the people’s court shall request the accuser to withdraw the private prosecution or render a ruling to refuse it”,when it is still in the stage of pre-trial examination.“Where the prosecution has been accepted,the trial shall be terminated.”When the private prosecution has existed prior to the public prosecution,“the people’s court shall transfer the case to the public security organ if the activity is considered to have seriously endangered the social order.”It is still necessary to rethink the validity of such transition procedure.From the external perspective of state prosecution intervening in the prior private prosecution,the initiation of the public security organ’s investigation before the end of the private prosecution violates the principle of prohibiting repeated prosecutions,and the procuratorial authority’s positive suggestion that the public security organ opens a case may exceed the power boundary of legal supervision.From the internal perspective of the types of private prosecution,there exist contradictions between the procedural transition rules for“cases to be handled only upon complaint”and“minor criminal cases which the victim has evidence to prove”.There are three main paths to systematically establish the procedural rules for“transition from private prosecution to public prosecution”:clarifying the connection timing of public prosecution and private prosecution,unifying the handling methods of ending the private prosecution,and making clear the boundaries of power and responsibilities as to the initiation of public prosecution.