民事公益诉讼的实体性分析

The Substantial Analysis of Civil Public Interest Litigation

现行民事公益诉讼制度以《民事诉讼法》第58条为基干,以单行法为领域扩展,总体上以起诉主体资格和保护领域为制度重点,实体规则极不完善。实践中,环境民事公益诉讼参照适用生态环境损害赔偿制度的实体规则,其他民事公益诉讼参照适用私法侵权责任的实体规则。民事公益诉讼的治理性和非讼性,不能否定请求权基础逻辑在民事公益诉讼中的适用。公益诉讼立法须兼顾程序与实体,可在明确检察机关对公共利益保护的主管地位的基础上,就民事公益诉讼的诉的利益、诉讼请求的范围、惩罚性赔偿的正当性、证明责任的分配等与实体密切关联的问题进行规定。

The current civil public interest litigation system is based on Article 58 of the Civil Procedure Law and expanded by single laws in the public interest protection field.It overall focuses on the eligibility of the plaintiff’s standing and the public interest protection fields,and neglects the establishment of substantive rules.In practice,the environmental civil public interest litigation refers to the substantive rules applicable to the ecological and environmental damage compensation system,while other civil public interest litigations refer to the substantive rules of tort liability under private law.The governance and non-litigation nature of civil public interest litigation cannot deny the application of the underlying logic of the right to claim.The legislation on public interest litigation must take into account both procedure and substance,and may,on the basis of clarifying the competent status of the procuratorial organs for the protection of public interests,provide for the interests of civil public interest litigation,the scope of claims,the justification of punitive damages,the allocation of the burden of proof and other issues closely related to the substance.