洗钱罪的司法认定难点

The Difficult Problems in Judicial Determination of Money Laundering Crime

《刑法修正案(十一)》将“自洗钱”入罪的立法发展,对我国惩治洗钱罪的司法认定产生巨大的冲击。对于法定七类上游犯罪的认定,直接关系到洗钱罪的适用范围,不应仅局限于典型个罪,还需要从实质的广义角度来把握,否则会人为地缩小洗钱罪的上游犯罪圈,不必要地限制本罪的打击“半径”。作为洗钱的行为对象,犯罪所得及其产生的收益是指行为人实施法定的上游犯罪活动而直接或间接产生、获取的任何资产或者财产性利益。对于洗钱的客观行为,应立足于洗钱的本质特征和罪质构造来认识,并且坚守“禁止重复评价原则”的红线,防止不适当地扩大洗钱罪的适用范围。关于提供资金账户的洗钱方式,从刑事立法的实然规定和刑法教义学出发,只适用于“他洗钱”模式,而不适用“自洗钱”情形。同时,为了坚持主客观相统一的刑法基本立场,司法机关依然需要认定洗钱行为人具备主观认识。对于“为掩饰、隐瞒”的立法术语,应理解为洗钱罪的客观构成要素,而不是目的犯之表述。

The legislative development of money laundering for oneself in the Amendment(XI)to the Criminal Law has a great impact on the judicial determination of punishing money laundering in China.The identification of the seven types of legal upstream crimes is directly related to the scope of judicial application of the crime of money laundering.It should not only be limited to the typical crimes,but also need to be grasped from a substantive broad perspective.Otherwise,it will artificially narrow the upstream crime circle of the crime of money laundering and unnecessarily limit the“radius”of the crime of money laundering.As the object of money laundering,the gains and proceeds of crime refer to any assets or property interests directly or indirectly generated or obtained by the perpetrator from the legal upstream criminal activities.The objective behavior of money laundering should be recognized based on the essential characteristics and criminal structure of money laundering,and the red line of“the principle of prohibiting repeated evaluation”should be adhered,to prevent the application scope of money laundering crime from being expanded improperly.Regarding the money laundering method of providing fund accounts,from the perspective of the actual provisions of criminal legislation and the dogmatic of criminal law,it is only applicable to the“money laundering for others”mode,but not to the“money laundering for oneself”mode.At the same time,in order to adhere to the basic stance of the criminal law that the subjective and objective are unified,the judicial authorities still need to determine that the money laundering perpetrator has subjective knowledge.The legislative term“to cover up and conceal”should be understood as the objective constituent element of the crime of money laundering,rather than the expression of intent crime.