民法典对我国民事权利保护方法的成功改造

The Civil Code’s Successful Reform of the Approach to China’s Civil Rights Protection

《民法通则》规定民事权利保护方法,采用了统一民事责任的立法模式,无法分清固有请求权和侵权请求权的界限。嗣后的民法单行法立法继续沿着这种立法模式发展,混淆了我国民事权利保护的不同方法,造成体系的混乱和司法实践的无序。《民法典》对民事权利保护方法进行了成功改造:首先在总则编只规定民事责任的一般规则,规定侵权请求权且性质为侵权损害赔偿之债;其次在物权编和人格权编分别规定了物权请求权、占有保护请求权、人格权请求权和身份权请求权等固有请求权;最后在侵权责任编规定了侵权请求权。这样,就实现了固有请求权与侵权请求权的不同功能配置,使固有请求权作为民事权利保护的固有权利,负担对权利受到侵害的恢复性救济;侵权请求权作为民事权利保护的新生权利,负担对权利损害的填补性救济。二者相互补充和衔接,完成了这一民事立法的重大改革,形成了比较完备的民事权利保护方法体系,能够全面保护民事主体的民事权利。目前立法中还存在一些遗留问题,将在司法实践中不断予以完善。

The General Principles of the Civil Law adopted a legislative model of unified civil liability for civil rights protection,and made it unable to distinguish between inherent and tort claims.Subsequent civil statues continued to follow this legislative model,confusing the different approaches to the protection of civil rights in China and creating disorder to the system and the practice.The Civil Code has successfully reformed the approach to the protection of civil rights.Firstly,it stipulates only the general rules of civil liability in the General Part,providing tort claims and defining their nature as tort damages debts.Secondly,it provides inherent claims such as claims in rem,claims for protection of possession,claims for personality rights and claims for identity rights in the Real Right Book and the Personality Right Book respectively.It then provides tort claims in the Tort Liability Book.In this way,the different functional configurations of inherent claims and tort claims are realized.As inherent rights of civil rights protection,inherent claims are burdened with restorative remedies for infringement of rights.As newly orientated rights of civil rights protection,tort claims are burdened with filling remedies for damage to rights.The two claims complement and connect with each other,completing a major reform of civil legislation and forming a relatively complete system of civil rights protection that can comprehensively protect the civil rights of civil subjects.There are still some remaining problems in the current legislation,but will be continuously improved through judicial practice.