互联网不当阻碍竞争行为认定模式的构建

On the Construction of the Determination Model for the Unfair Interference in Competition on the Internet

近年来,互联网不当阻碍竞争纠纷频繁发生。由于缺乏清晰的认定模式,法院认定阻碍行为是否正当的过程与结果均存在诸多不合理之处。既有研究关注到这一问题,但尚未提出有效解决方案,有必要梳理并提炼物理环境下不当阻碍行为的认定经验,从中提取不当阻碍行为的认定模式,分析互联网技术给该认定模式带来的挑战及其原因,在此基础上构造适合界定互联网不当阻碍行为的双层认定模式。其第一层次的认定模式是构造以经营者的技术控制力为基础的排他性空间,侵入此空间的竞争行为原则上构成不当阻碍。该排他性空间不能随技术能力的提升而无限扩张。当阻碍竞争行为不涉及排他性空间时,转向第二层次的认定模式,即在先经营者“生存利益”与行为自由之间的利益衡量。为克服异质利益平衡难题,可以以物理环境中类似情形下不同市场主体间的利益格局为参考系。此双层认定模式能够在我国《反不正当竞争法》互联网专条和一般条款的解释论框架下获得规范支持。

In recent years,disputes over unfair interference in competition have been emerging frequently.Due to the lack of a clear determination model,the process and result of determining the legitimacy of interfering conducts by the courts are unreasonable in many aspects.Existing research has noticed this issue,but has not proposed an effective solution.It is necessary to sort out and summarize the experience of determining the conduct of unfair interference in the physical environment,extract the model of determining the conduct of unfair interference,analyze the challenges and reasons that internet technology has brought to such determination model,and construct a two-layer model suitable for determining online conduct of unfair interference on this basis.The first layer of such model is to construct an exclusive space based on the technical control power of the operator.The conducts that invade this space are in principle unfair interference.However,such exclusive space cannot be expanded indefinitely with the improvement of technical capabilities.When the conducts of interference in competition does not involve the exclusive space,it is necessary to turn to the second layer of the determination model,i.e.the interest balance between the"survival interest"of the prior operators and the freedom of conduct.To overcome the predicament of balancing heterogeneous interests,the interest pattern among different market participants in similar situations of the physical environment can be used as a reference system.This two-layer determination model can obtain normative support under the interpretive framework of the special clause on the internet and general clause of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.