自杀行为规范属性及刑事归责的法教义学诠释

On the Normative Nature and Criminal Imputation of Suicidal from the Perspective of Legal Dogmatics

刑法理论中对于自杀行为的性质是合法、违法还是归属“法外空间”的分歧,缘于将生活语意上的自杀现象与规范意义上的自杀行为混为一谈。根据主观上的纯粹自愿自主与客观上的完整自我支配与否,规范意义上的自杀行为可分为自主性的自杀和非自主性的自杀。自主性的自杀行为在法规范上是完全自由地组织、处分自己生命的行为,不存在法益侵害的空间,彰显公民真正的自治自律,是宪法赋予公民自我决定权的全部实现。非自主性自杀行为是在他人介入、干涉的因素影响下实施的,基于生命法益的高度人身专属性和不可流转性,非自主性的自杀行为实质上具有法益侵害性。它在形式上符合“杀人”的构成要件类型,具有客观的实质刑事违法性,而自杀者终极性地陷入自杀决意后无法形成反对动机,丧失了他项行为选择,在责任上由于不具有期待可能性而免于刑事非难。

In the theory of criminal law,the contentions and divergences of legal nature of suicide,that is,whether suicide is legal,illegal or belongs to"extra-legal sphere",result from regarding the suicide phenomenon in the sense of daily life and the suicide behavior in the normative sense as the same and failing to distinguish one with the other.According to the fact that whether there is pure voluntary autonomy in the subjective sense and complete self-domination or not in the objective sense,suicide behaviors in the normative sense can be divided into the autonomous suicide and non-autonomous suicide.In legal norms,autonomous suicide behavior is to organize and dispose of one’s own life with complete freedom,and there is no room for infringement of legal interests.Autonomous suicide shows the real autonomy and self-discipline of citizens,and is the full realization of the citizens'self-decision-making power vested by the Constitution.Non-autonomous suicide behavior is carried out under the influence of other people's involvement and interference.Based on high degree of personal exclusiveness,non-transferable and non-interventionability of legal interest of life,in essence the non-autonomous suicide behavior is an infringement upon legal interests.Non-autonomous suicide behavior satisfies the categorized constituent elements of"killing a person"in terms of form and has the objective and substantial criminal illegality.However,the person committing suicide cannot form the motive of opposition and lose the ability of making other behavior choices after his ultimate falling into suicide resolution,and thus being exempted from criminal culpability due to the scenario being outside of what could be legitimately expected.