论执行裁决权运行的正当程序——以《民事强制执行法(草案)》为对象的讨论

On the Due Process of the Operation of Enforcement Adjudication Power——Discussion on Chinese Civil Enforcement Law(Draft)

按照“深化内分”的改革方案,2022年6月提交全国人大常委会审议的《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》区分执行裁决权与执行实施权,明确由执行法官行使执行裁决权,负责办理各类执行案件。执行裁决权审查判断的事项大多涉及实体问题。执行法官所进行的裁决活动在本质上属于居中裁判过程。执行裁决权行使的结果是作出赋权型裁定或执行命令。当执行命令的标的超出原生效法律文书范围时,实际上是形成了一个新的执行名义。因此必须为执行裁决权配备一套合适的程序,既要确保执行命令的正当性,又要符合执行及时、高效、持续的基本原则。略式程序是无需实质审理,法官主要对申请材料作形式审查即作出裁决的简式裁判程序。其制度目标、运作机理与执行裁决权高度适配,可以为制定执行裁决程序规则提供指引。

According to the reform plan of"deepening internal division",Chinese Civil Enforcement Law(Draft)distinguishes the enforcement adjudication power and enforcement implementation power,and makes it clear that enforcement judges exercise the enforcement adjudication power and are responsible for handling all kinds of enforcement cases.Most of the matters subject to review and decision by the enforcement adjudication power involve substantive issues.The adjudication activities conducted by the enforcement judges essentially belong to the impartial judgment process.The result of exercising the enforcement adjudication power is issuing an empowerment-style ruling or an enforcement order.When the subject matter of the enforcement order exceeds the scope of the original effective legal document,it actually forms a new enforcement instrument.Therefore,it is necessary to introduce an appropriate procedure for the enforcement adjudication power,which does not only ensure the legitimacy of the enforcement order,but also complies with basic principles of timeliness,efficiency and continuity of enforcement.The summary procedure is a simplified adjudication one that there is no need to conduct substantive trial,and the judge issues a ruling by mainly making a form-oriented review of the application materials.Its system goal and operation mechanism are highly compatible with the enforcement adjudication power,thus it may provide guidance for formulating the rules on the enforcement adjudication procedure.