中国法学的方法论基础:从个人法学到社会法学

On the Methodological Basis of Jurisprudence in China:From Individual Jurisprudence to Social Jurisprudence

以个体还是以整体作为基本研究单元的问题,是认识论上的方法论问题。方法论即论方法的学界认识遮蔽了现代中国法学的方法论问题。古代法学主要以整体主义为方法论,其“不见个体”的先天缺陷使个体湮灭。法学个体主义方法论于古代萌芽,在近代罗马法复兴、古典自然法学形成的背景下得以确立,经近现代“西法东渐”植入中国法学,其历史价值是使个体获得尊重而成为法律主体,但其“不见整体”的天然罅隙不分中西地消弭了社会整体,导致社会问题频发。个体主义方法论法学的本质是个人法学。社会主义中国尊重自然个体也尊崇社会整体,需要法学个体主义方法论和整体主义方法论的相得益彰。以个体主义方法论对待个体性的问题,坚守传统个人法学。以整体主义为方法论,中国法学维护社会整体利益的革新方案是,还婚姻家庭、环境、农村集体等社会整体以整体内涵,建构中国特色社会主义社会法学。

Whether an individual or the whole is taken as the basic unit of research is an methodological issue in terms of epistemology.The understanding of the academia that the methodology is the discussion on the methods shelters the methodological problems in modern Chinese jurisprudence.The ancient jurisprudence regards the holism as the methodology and its congenital defect of"ignorance of individuals"buries individuals in oblivion.The methodological individualism of jurisprudence,which sprouted in ancient times,was established against the background of the Revival of Roman law and the formation of Classical Natural Law in modern times and has been transplanted into Chinese jurisprudence through"the introduction of western laws into the east"in recent times,and its historical value lies in the fact that it made individuals gain respect and become legal actors,however,its natural chink of"ignorance of the whole"buries the whole society in oblivion without making distinction between Chinese and the western ones,resulting in social problems frequently.The essence of jurisprudence under the methodological individualism is the individual jurisprudence.Socialist China respects natural individuals and also honors the whole society,the complementation between the methodological individualism and holism is needed for the jurisprudence.The individualized issues are treated in terms of the methodological individualism by sticking to the traditional individual jurisprudence.By taking the holism as the methodology,the reform plan on maintaining the entire interests of the society by the Chinese jurisprudence is to restore the holistic connotation in fields such as marriage and family,environment,and rural collective and thus establish the sociological jurisprudence with Chinese characteristics.