美国基础研究政策的转变及其对中国的启示:基于政策体制的分析

The Evolution of American Basic Research Policy and Its Implications to China:An Analysis Based on Policy Regime Theory

雄厚的基础研究实力是美国成为全球创新策源地的重要基石,这与美国把鼓励基础研究作为提升国家竞争力的一个重要政策领域密不可分。本文借鉴卡特·威尔逊“政策体制”理论,构建解释美国基础研究政策转变的分析框架,发现在政策范式上,基础研究和应用研究逐渐从对立走向融合;在权力安排上,政府愈发成为基础研究政策的核心行动者,基础研究政策事权逐渐收归国有,政策部署更加突出应用导向;在组织架构上,举国体制日益成为基础研究政策实施的主导模式。美国基础研究政策的转变对中国有三点启示:一是要加快构建基于中国实践、具有中国特色的基础研究理论体系;二是要加强全链覆盖、点面融通、平战结合的基础研究政策系统部署和敏捷实施;三是要推进政府与市场错位协同,合力促进基础研究资源优化配置。

The strong strength of basic research is an important cornerstone for the United States to become the global innovation hub,which is inseparable from the United States taking encouragement of basic research as an important policy field to enhance national competitiveness.Based on Carter Wilson's“Policy Regime”theory,this article constructed the analytical framework to explain the change of basic research policy of the United States,and we found that on the level of policy paradigm,the relationship between basic research and applied research is gradually shifting from opposition to integration;on the level of power arrangement,government is increasingly becoming the core actor of basic research policy,the basic research policy authority is gradually being nationalized,and the relevant policy deployment is becoming more and more application-orientated;on the level of organizational structure,the national system is increasingly becoming the dominant mode for the implementation of basic research policy.The change of basic research policy of the United States has three implications to China.Firstly,China must accelerate the establishment of the theoretical system of basic research with Chinese Characteristic based on Chinese practice.Secondly,China must strengthen the systematic deployment and agile implementation of basic research policy system under the principles of basic-to-applied integration,point-to-surface integration and peace-to-war integration.Lastly,China must promote the misalignment and coordination between the government and the market so as to promote the optimal allocation of basic research resources.