食品安全政策工具选择的类型特点与变迁逻辑:基于政策文本的内容分析

Characteristics and Transition Logic of Food Safety Policy Instrument Selection:Content Analysis Based on Policy Text

本文通过21世纪以来中央层面121篇政策文本的内容分析,探讨了中国食品安全治理中政策工具选择的类型特点与变迁机制。在工具选择上,强制类政策工具的使用始终占据主要地位,激励类政策工具的选用存在不足,而信息类政策工具的选用在不断增加。从时间变化趋势来看,强制类工具所占比例经历下降—波动—下降三次变化,激励类工具的占比则一直呈现小幅度波动增长的趋势,而信息类政策工具则总体呈现波动上升的趋势,最终三种工具的运用逐渐趋于平衡。本文从理性和社会互动的决策逻辑来分析工具选择背后的驱动力,建立基于有效性—可接受性的理论框架,将政策工具的选择模式划分为四类:封闭延续型、分类改进型、优效共治型和合作自治型。前两种模式的共性是基于监管机构的自主决策,反映了一定程度的封闭性,与后两种合作型模式形成鲜明的对照。2000年以来,中国食品安全治理政策工具选择模式分别历经封闭延续型、分类改进型模式和优效共治型模式。未来应该充分提高政策工具选择的有效性与可接受性,以实现全面向优效共治型模式的转变。

Through the content analysis of 121 policy texts at the central level since the 21st century,this article discusses the characteristics and change mechanism of policy instrument selection in food safety governance in China.In terms of instrument selection,the use of mandatory policy instruments always occupies the main position,the selection of incentive policy instruments is insufficient,and the selection of information policy instruments continues to increase.From the perspective of time changes,the proportion of mandatory instruments has experienced decline-volatility-decline.The proportion of incentive instruments has always shown a slight fluctuation growth trend,while the information policy instruments have generally increased,and finally the use of the three instruments gradually tend to balance.This paper analyzes the driving force behind instrument selection from rational and social interaction decision-making logic,establishes a theoretical framework based on effectiveness-acceptability,and divides the selection model of policy instruments into four categories:closed continuation type,classification improvement type,effective co-governance,and cooperative autonomy.The commonality of the first two models is based on the independent decision-making of the regulatory agency,which reflects a certain degree of closedness,which is in sharp contrast with the latter two.Since 2000,food safety governance policy instrument selection model has gone through closed continuation model,classification improvement model,and effective co-governance model.In the future,the effectiveness and acceptability of the choice of policy instruments should be fully improved in order to achieve a comprehensive transition.