2017—2021年山东省农村环境卫生状况分析

Characteristics of environmental sanitation of rural areas in Shandong Province in 2017—2021

目的了解山东省农村环境卫生状况及动态变化特征,为政府部门制订改善农村环境卫生政策提供科学依据。方法2017—2021年采用简单随机抽样方法,抽取山东省农村地区作为研究对象,通过查阅资料、访谈农村居民、现场观察等方式,于2017—2021年每年调查农村居民生活饮用水水源及供水方式、农村户厕与粪便无害化处理、生活垃圾和生活污水处理、环境卫生管理和病媒生物防制等情况。结果抽取山东省农村25个县500个行政村,其饮用水供水方式均以集中式供水为主,年度覆盖率分别为90.82%、89.61%、92.65%、96.00%、95.75%;其中饮用水水源类型均以深井为主,饮用开水为主要的饮水习惯;各研究对象卫生厕所普及率逐年升高,年度间差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13204.150,P<0.01),以三格式卫生厕所为主;家庭卫生厕所是农村家庭中主要的厕所设置形式,并且占比逐年增加,粪便以专人清运为主;农村生活垃圾以统一收集为主,年度占比分别为86.00%、84.20%、70.40%、64.60%、81.20%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=98.931,P<0.01);生活污水排放以随意排放和暗沟为主;各研究对象的环境卫生管理措施实施率呈逐年上升趋势,开展病媒生物防制比例逐年升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论山东省农村环境卫生呈逐年向好发展趋势,但仍存在不足,应加大对生活污水排放的管理,完善排水系统配套设施,改善农村环境卫生。

Objective To investigate the status and changes over time of environmental sanitation of rural areas in Shandong Province,so as to provide government departments with scientific evidence for formulating policies and measures aimed at improving rural environmental sanitation conditions.Methods Villages were selected as the research subjects using simple random sampling method.Annual surveys were conducted in the period from 2017 to 2021 to collect information on rural environmental sanitation,which included residents'drinking water sources and water supply methods,rural toilets and decontamination treatment of feces,household garbage and domestic sewage treatment,environmental sanitation management and vector control,through document review,interviews with rural residents and on-site observation.Results From 2017 to 2021,500 villages were selected form 25 counties of Shandong Province centralized water supply was the predominant method of drinking water supply for all the study subjects,with annual coverage rates being 90.82%,89.61%,92.65%,96.00%,and 95.75%,respectively.Deep wells served as the primary sources of drinking water,and consumption of boiled water was the prevailing custom.The prevalence of latrines was consistently increasing over the years,with a statistically significant annual trend(χ^(2)=13204.150,P<0.01),predominantly being three-stall latrines.Household toilets were the major form of toilet facilities in rural households,with their proportions increasing annually.The management of feces was primarily handled by special personnel.As for rural household garbage,it was predominantly collected through unified manner,accounting for 86.00%,84.20%,70.40%,64.60%and 81.20%,respectively,with statistically significant differences across the years(χ^(2)=98.931,P<0.01).The domestic sewage was primarily discharged to open ground or into unlit ditches.Over the study period,the implementation of environmental health management measures in each study subject had steadily improved,including statistically significantly increasing proportion of control measures for four major vectors(P<0.01).Conclusions Environmental sanitation in rural areas in Shandong Province has been improving,but there are still some deficiencies that need to be addressed.Specifically,we must enhance the management of domestic sewage discharg and,upgrade the supporting infrastructure of drainage system to improve rural sanitation.