马克思与韦伯资本主义合理性批判的理论路径比较

Comparison of the Theoretical Paths of Marx and Weber’s Critique of Rationality of Capitalism

考察当代资本主义是我们当前研究中的一个迫切任务。卡尔·马克思与马克斯·韦伯对资本主义分别进行了富有深度的思考,为我们透视当代资本主义的发展与演变提供了不同的思路。尽管二者的总体理论框架存在着差异和对立,但马克思与韦伯对资本主义的理论批判都建立在对资本主义社会的结构性考察及其内在矛盾分析之上,又都不可避免地涉及到个体在资本主义压迫性的、非人格化的制度秩序中生存和解放的问题。韦伯将资本主义的兴起视作是一种合乎理性的结果,认为资本主义制度内在理路是"理性主义"精神向合理性的扩张。通过对资本主义制度合理性的结构分析,韦伯勾勒出了资本主义经济秩序与官僚体系可计算性、可控化和非人格化的核心特征,并对其导致生命意义消解和个体自由丧失的后果表达出深切忧虑。马克思从资本主义经济秩序的合理性分析入手,通过分析与批判劳动异化、机器与人的对立、生产与行政领域的技术理性支配等一系列问题,揭示了资本主义制度总体非理性与局部理性之间的冲突与矛盾。在解放论上马克思采取了更加积极的立场,从现实革命而非观念革命的角度指出了走向解放的根本道路。借助现代技术所演化出的全新生产方式和积累体制,当代资本主义已经大大突破了传统资本主义工业社会物质生产所施加于社会之上的种种限制,创造出新的经济、政治秩序,表现得更加具有强制性与扩张性。考察当代资本主义在全球范围内的生产力和生产关系这对关键因素所发生的巨大改变,以及这一改变对现存社会关系造成冲突性的影响,使得我们比以往任何时候都需要沿着马克思政治经济批判的道路前行,并进一步挖掘其理论的现实价值。

Investigating contemporary capitalism is an urgent task in our current research.Karl Marx and Max Weber thought deeply about capitalism,providing us with different ideas for the perspective of the development and evolution of contemporary capitalism.Although there are differences and opposites in the overall theoretical framework of the two,Marx and Weber’s theoretical criticism of capitalism is based on the structural investigation of capitalist society and its internal contradiction analysis,and inevitably involves the survival and liberation of individuals in the oppressive and impersonal institutional order of capitalism.Weber regards the rise of capitalism as a rational result,and believes that the internal rationale of the capitalism system is an expansion of the"rationalism"spirit to rationality.Through a structural analysis of the rationality of the capitalism system,Weber outlined the core characteristics of the computability,controllability,and depersonalization of the capitalism economic order and bureaucracy,and expressed its consequences for the dissolution of life meaning and the loss of individual freedom was deeply worried.Starting with the rationality analysis of the capitalism economic order,Marx reveals the conflicts and contradictions between overall irrationality and partial rationality of the capitalism system by analyzing and criticizing a series of problems such as the labor alienation,the opposition between machines and men,and the technical rational control in production and administration.Marx took a more active position on the theory of emancipation,and pointed out the fundamental path to emancipation from the perspective of a realistic revolution rather than a conceptual revolution.With the help of new production methods and accumulation systems evolved by modern technology,contemporary capitalism has greatly broken through the various restrictions imposed on society by the material production of traditional capitalist industrial society,creating a new economic and political order,and showing even more mandatory and expansive attribute.Examining the great changes that have taken place in the global productive forces and relations of production of contemporary capitalism,and their conflicting effects on existing social relations,it makes us more than ever need to follow the path of Marx’s political and economic criticism and further explore the practical value of his theory.