“但书”出罪运行机制实证研究

囿于立法规定的模糊性,刑法理论有关“但书”出罪的研究已经陷入了瓶颈,在司法层面探明“但书”出罪的运行机制,对于反思立法和验证理论尤为必要。实证研究表明,“但书”在轻微犯罪中形成了较为稳定的出罪运行机制,从宽情节与行为人犯罪后的表现成为出罪与否的重要考量因素。受类型性有罪司法推定的影响,“但书”出罪机制在抽象危险犯中无法顺畅运行,加上定罪免刑机制与之相互竞争,挤占了原本属于“但书”出罪机制的适用空间,使轻微犯罪的出罪体系存在漏洞。基于“但书”在出罪体系中的应然定位,应当在立法上增补新型出罪事由,以分流“但书”溢出的出罪压力,在司法上构建抽象危险犯“但书”出罪的类型化规则,并细化规定“情节显著轻微”与“情节轻微”之间的差异性与梯度关系,从而充分释放“但书”的出罪潜力并有效防止其被“善意滥用”。

Due to the fuzziness of the legislative provisions,the research on the‘proviso’decriminalization theory has fallen into a bottleneck.It is particularly necessary to explore the operating mechanism of decriminalization through‘proviso’at the judicial level to reflect on legislation and verify the theory.The empirical research shows that the‘proviso’has formed a relatively stable decriminalization operation mechanism in minor crimes,and the lenient circumstances and the behavior of the perpetrator after the crime have become important factors to consider whether the crime is determined or not.Influenced by the presumption of guilt,the‘proviso’decriminalization mechanism can not operate smoothly in the abstract dangerous crime.In addition,the conviction and exemption mechanism competes with each other,occupying the applicable space of the‘proviso’decriminalization mechanism.Based on the natural positioning of‘proviso’in the decriminalization system,we should add new causes of decriminalization in legislation,construct the typed rules of abstract dangerous crime in judicature to divert the pressure of‘proviso’overflow,and specify the difference and gradient relationship between‘significantly minor circumstances’and‘minor circumstances’,so as to fully release the potential of‘proviso’and effectively prevent it from being‘abused in good faith’.