论“正常经营买受人”的善意要求

为应对动产担保登记所引发的动产交易时查询权利负担的两难,正常经营买受人规则豁免买受人查询权利担保的义务,以提升交易效率。正常经营买受人的法律构成中,正常经营活动、已支付合理价款、取得担保财产等要件基本可兼顾对动产担保权益的保障。但《担保制度解释》第56条为正常经营买受人的构成设定了善意要件,依此,买受人对于动产担保知情及异常交易情形应查询登记而未查询时应知的,均不受特别保护。一旦要求买受人善意,对买受人的保护逻辑将转换为信赖保护法理,而且,应当查询登记的情形模糊难断及知情不予保护,将传递给当事人不确定的预期,增加主观层面的对峙,最终损及交易效率,甚至阻碍交易的进行。对于正常经营买受人保护的限制,重心应放在出卖人的正常经营活动,努力设定相对客观易判断且可预期的范围。规范应明示:只要属于出卖人正常经营活动,正常经营买受人即无查询义务,也无被追及的风险。

In order to deal with the dilemma of the burden of inquiry rights in chattel transactions caused by chattel security registration,the rule of the buyer in the ordinary course of business exempts the buyer from the obligation to inquire about the security of rights and improves transaction efficiency.These constituent elements including that the transaction occurs in normal business activities,a reasonable price has been paid and the secured property has been obtained,could realize the protection of security interests in movable property.However,article 56 of the Interpretation of the Guarantee System sets a good faith requirement for the buyer in the ordinary course of business.Once the buyer is required to act in good faith,the protection logic of the buyer will be transformed into the legal principle of trust protection.Moreover,the situation where the registration should be required is vague and difficult to determine,which will be transmitted to the uncertain expectations of the parties,will damage the transaction efficiency and even hinder the transaction ultimately.For restrictions on the buyer’s protection,the focus should be on the seller’s normal business activities,which helps to set a relatively objective and predictable range.As long as it belongs to the seller’s normal business activities,the buyer has no inquiry obligation about the security of rights and no risk of undertaking the guarantee obligation.