人格标识的“他为性”及其规范影响

通说认为民事主体对其人格标识享有专用权,但其在人格标识的合理使用、许可使用以及公开等问题上均遇到了解释难题。实际上,民事主体对自己不享有识别利益。作为符号世界中人的符号化的必然结果,人格标识具有“他为性”。必须对作为权利对象的人格标识进行利益分割,由此形成标表型人格权、隐私权和人格标识商业使用权三种权利。其中,标表型人格权的内容包含人格标识的形成、变更自由,对已确定人格标识的表达利益,以及避免与他人之物发生关联的个性化利益。在解释上,人格标识的合理使用除基于公共利益和本人利益的情形外,还包含为他人利益的情形。人格标识许可使用合同的有利解释规则仅在当事人存在强弱差别时有意义,许可人的正当理由解除权之行使权限于严重损害或不利于个性化利益的情形。

It is believed that civil subjects have rights to exclusive use of their personality identity,but there are difficulties in the interpretation of fair use,licensed use,and disclosure of personality identity.In fact,civil subjects do not enjoy the benefit of identification for themselves.As an inevitable result of the symbolization of people in the symbolic world,personality identification has the‘nature of being for others’.As the object of rights,the interests of personality identity must be divided,forming three rights:the right of representational personality,the right of privacy and the right of commercial use.Among them,the content of representational personality right includes the freedom to form and change the personality identity,the interest for expression in the established personality identity,and the individual interest for avoiding the association with things of others.In terms of interpretation,the fair use of personality identity includes situations for the benefit of others in addition to the situation based on public interest and personal interest.The favorable interpretation rules of the personality identity license contract are only meaningful when there is a difference between the strength and weakness of the parties,and the licensor’s legitimate reasons for the exercise of the right of cancellation are limited to the situation that it is seriously harmful or unfavorable to the individual interest.