民法典整体贯彻绿色理念模式研究

各国民法典整体贯彻绿色理念的模式有三种:一是1993年版《苏联和各加盟共和国民事立法纲要》创立的大生态法模式,它以对象条款贯彻绿色理念,把民法典的相关内容看作广义生态法的一部分;二是2014年《阿根廷国家民商法典》所创的权利行使方式模式,其第14条把有害环境的权利行使看作是对包括环境权在内的集体关联权的侵害;三是我国《民法总则》所创之民法基本原则模式,它将节约资源、保护生态环境两项要求作为民事活动的基本原则。三者互可借鉴。我国模式具有把节约资源作为绿色原则的一翼、对义务履行也课加绿色负担、细节规定丰富且分布均衡等优点。可进一步借鉴大生态法模式来处理《民法典》《民事诉讼法》与未来的《环境法典》的关系;并在环境侵权案件中借鉴适用权利行使方式模式下的弥散利益概念以及对此等利益的集团诉讼等保障手段,以为我国找到落实绿色原则的更有效诉讼工具。

There are three modes for the implementation of the green concept in the overall civil codes of various countries in the world:The first is the mega-ecological law model founded by the Fundamentals of Civil Law USSR and Union Republics.It implements the green concept with its object clauses,and the relevant content of the Civil Code is regarded as part of the general ecological law;The second is the mode of exercise of rights created by the 2014 Argentine National Civil and Commercial Code.Its article 14 regards the exercise of rights harmful to the environment as an infringement of collective incidence rights,including environmental rights;The third is the basic principle model of civil law created by the General Provisions of the Civil Law of China,it makes the two requirements of saving resources and protecting the ecological environment as the basic principles of civil activities.The three models can learn from each other.The Chinese model has the advantages of taking resource conservation as a part of the green principle,adding green burdens to the fulfillment of obligations,and rich details and balanced distribution.We can further learn from the model of mega-ecological law to deal with the relationship between the Civil Code and Civil Procedure Law and the future Environmental Code,and the concept of diffuse interests of the model of right exercise applicable in environmental tort cases,and adopt group litigation as the protection means for these interests,in order to find a more effective litigation tool for implementing the green principle in China.